Human agency and development: re-politicizing human development
- Authors: Ncube, Moreblessings
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Political participation , Communities , Agent (Philosophy)
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26291 , vital:65235
- Description: This thesis presents a value-laden understanding of development that acknowledges that development is human centered. The study re-emphasizes that human development which has become a powerful element of current development discourse is not just a social, economic and technological challenge; it is also an institutional and political challenge. The study therefore analyzes the notion of human development with the intention of improving it by placing more emphasis on the aspect of politics and human agency (the ability to act and be an agent of one‘s life). Politics here is understood beyond its usual institutional focus or identification with government, politicians and parliaments to include a much wider and much more important and dynamic range of activities found in all human groups such as institutions and societies. The study then demonstrates that since development is a process, individuals need to work collectively towards a common good so as to realize their development potential. This means creating a confederation of development where governments, citizens and non-governmental organizations work in partnership guided by a culture of collectiveness (civic culture) in order to produce more empowered citizens. The major argument in this study is the concern for citizens to effectively participate in areas that affect and impact on their lives and consequently be in a position to hold accountable institutions that affect their decision making capabilities. Hence human agency in this study signifies and can be justified as an important aspect of the process of participation leading to empowerment. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2008
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
- Authors: Ncube, Moreblessings
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Political participation , Communities , Agent (Philosophy)
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26291 , vital:65235
- Description: This thesis presents a value-laden understanding of development that acknowledges that development is human centered. The study re-emphasizes that human development which has become a powerful element of current development discourse is not just a social, economic and technological challenge; it is also an institutional and political challenge. The study therefore analyzes the notion of human development with the intention of improving it by placing more emphasis on the aspect of politics and human agency (the ability to act and be an agent of one‘s life). Politics here is understood beyond its usual institutional focus or identification with government, politicians and parliaments to include a much wider and much more important and dynamic range of activities found in all human groups such as institutions and societies. The study then demonstrates that since development is a process, individuals need to work collectively towards a common good so as to realize their development potential. This means creating a confederation of development where governments, citizens and non-governmental organizations work in partnership guided by a culture of collectiveness (civic culture) in order to produce more empowered citizens. The major argument in this study is the concern for citizens to effectively participate in areas that affect and impact on their lives and consequently be in a position to hold accountable institutions that affect their decision making capabilities. Hence human agency in this study signifies and can be justified as an important aspect of the process of participation leading to empowerment. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2008
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
Human agency and development: re-politicizing human development
- Authors: Ncube, Moreblessings
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Political participation , Agent (Philosophy) , Citizenship
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26625 , vital:65680
- Description: This thesis presents a value-laden understanding of development that acknowledges that development is human centered. The study re-emphasizes that human development which has become a powerful element of current development discourse is not just a social, economic and technological challenge; it is also an institutional and political challenge. The study therefore analyzes the notion of human development with the intention of improving it by placing more emphasis on the aspect of politics and human agency the ability to act and be an agent of ones life. Politics here is understood beyond its usual institutional focus or identification with government, politicians and parliaments to include a much wider and much more important and dynamic range of activities found in all human groups such as institutions and societies. The study then demonstrates that since development is a process, individuals need to work collectively towards a common good so as to realize their development potential. This means creating a confederation of development where governments, citizens and non-governmental organizations work in partnership guided by a culture of collectiveness civic culture in order to produce more empowered citizens. The major argument in this study is the concern for citizens to effectively participate in areas that affect and impact on their lives and consequently be in a position to hold accountable institutions that affect their decision making capabilities. Hence human agency in this study signifies and can be justified as an important aspect of the process of participation leading to empowerment. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2008
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
- Authors: Ncube, Moreblessings
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Political participation , Agent (Philosophy) , Citizenship
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26625 , vital:65680
- Description: This thesis presents a value-laden understanding of development that acknowledges that development is human centered. The study re-emphasizes that human development which has become a powerful element of current development discourse is not just a social, economic and technological challenge; it is also an institutional and political challenge. The study therefore analyzes the notion of human development with the intention of improving it by placing more emphasis on the aspect of politics and human agency the ability to act and be an agent of ones life. Politics here is understood beyond its usual institutional focus or identification with government, politicians and parliaments to include a much wider and much more important and dynamic range of activities found in all human groups such as institutions and societies. The study then demonstrates that since development is a process, individuals need to work collectively towards a common good so as to realize their development potential. This means creating a confederation of development where governments, citizens and non-governmental organizations work in partnership guided by a culture of collectiveness civic culture in order to produce more empowered citizens. The major argument in this study is the concern for citizens to effectively participate in areas that affect and impact on their lives and consequently be in a position to hold accountable institutions that affect their decision making capabilities. Hence human agency in this study signifies and can be justified as an important aspect of the process of participation leading to empowerment. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2008
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
Intergovermental policy integration and poverty eradication in a developmental state: the case of the PGDP and Amathole IDP in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
- Hofisi, Costa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2571-6991
- Authors: Hofisi, Costa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2571-6991
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Poverty -- Government policy -- South Africa , Public administration -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/25744 , vital:64475
- Description: The post-apartheid South African government inherited an economy characterised by a dichotomy between well developed and affluent whites and the underdeveloped and impoverished African blacks. This dichotomy was manifest in sharp divisions with regard to access to decent housing, health, education and transport just to mention a few, thus reflecting poverty, as a widespread phenomenon. Since 1994, the South African government has made major efforts aimed at addressing poverty, however, that poverty persists, despite the efforts, cannot be contested. One of the major challenges has been the disjuncture between policies at various spheres of government. This study examines the articulation between two spheres of government focusing on the Provincial Growth and Development Programme of the Eastern Cape and the integrated development plan of Amathole District Municipality. Currently not much research has been carried out in this area. This study illuminates various analytical and practical issues and hopefully provides a useful basis for improvement in the government’s declared commitment to poverty eradication. Triangulating qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, the study aimed to investigate the integration of the Provincial Growth and Development Program and the Integrated Development Plan and the contribution of these policy instruments towards poverty eradication in the Eastern Cape. A further aim was to analyse community participation in and knowledge of the PGDP and Amathole IDP and how they have been effective. This was an empirically grounded study, based on the use of a combination of data collection methods, analysis of primary and secondary sources of data including government documents, administering in-depth interviews to a range of informants within government, the community and a questionnaire survey of a sample drawn from members of the community in the Amatole District Municipality and, finally the use of Amatole district as a case study which was the major unit of analysis. The findings from the study revealed that there is a plethora of challenges confronting policy integration, often resulting in institutional paralysis and inertia. Such challenges vary from lack of capacity in local government, lack of political will, policy shifts, a plethora of legislation, competing if not conflicting priorities, nonattendance of Intergovernmental forums, lack of cooperation by sector departments, contradictions between legislation, policy inconsistencies, conceptual imprecision and conceptual blurring. Moreover, the neo-liberal ideology informing development planning not only in the province, but in South Africa as a whole as propagated by western main stream economists leaves benefits indeed merely ‘trickling down’ to the poor and not ‘pouring’, such that the transition in South Africa has been reduced to an ‘elite transition’. The research results confirm, as observed elsewhere, that experiences of several developing countries over the past decades do not appear to support the trickle down hypothesis. On the other hand, community participation is also stifled by lack of participatory spaces, poor participatory methodologies and structures which make participation difficult while the poor remain trapped in the vicious cycle of poverty. Real participation goes beyond ‘passive development objects’ and ‘recipients of development’ to ensuring that people are empowered to become ‘masters of their own development’ within the context of a participatory democratic developmental state. There is need for not only a thorough examination of the political use of the ‘local’, the ‘poor’ but even the very conceptualisation of participation and its methodologies for effective community participation to be realised. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2009
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Hofisi, Costa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2571-6991
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Poverty -- Government policy -- South Africa , Public administration -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/25744 , vital:64475
- Description: The post-apartheid South African government inherited an economy characterised by a dichotomy between well developed and affluent whites and the underdeveloped and impoverished African blacks. This dichotomy was manifest in sharp divisions with regard to access to decent housing, health, education and transport just to mention a few, thus reflecting poverty, as a widespread phenomenon. Since 1994, the South African government has made major efforts aimed at addressing poverty, however, that poverty persists, despite the efforts, cannot be contested. One of the major challenges has been the disjuncture between policies at various spheres of government. This study examines the articulation between two spheres of government focusing on the Provincial Growth and Development Programme of the Eastern Cape and the integrated development plan of Amathole District Municipality. Currently not much research has been carried out in this area. This study illuminates various analytical and practical issues and hopefully provides a useful basis for improvement in the government’s declared commitment to poverty eradication. Triangulating qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, the study aimed to investigate the integration of the Provincial Growth and Development Program and the Integrated Development Plan and the contribution of these policy instruments towards poverty eradication in the Eastern Cape. A further aim was to analyse community participation in and knowledge of the PGDP and Amathole IDP and how they have been effective. This was an empirically grounded study, based on the use of a combination of data collection methods, analysis of primary and secondary sources of data including government documents, administering in-depth interviews to a range of informants within government, the community and a questionnaire survey of a sample drawn from members of the community in the Amatole District Municipality and, finally the use of Amatole district as a case study which was the major unit of analysis. The findings from the study revealed that there is a plethora of challenges confronting policy integration, often resulting in institutional paralysis and inertia. Such challenges vary from lack of capacity in local government, lack of political will, policy shifts, a plethora of legislation, competing if not conflicting priorities, nonattendance of Intergovernmental forums, lack of cooperation by sector departments, contradictions between legislation, policy inconsistencies, conceptual imprecision and conceptual blurring. Moreover, the neo-liberal ideology informing development planning not only in the province, but in South Africa as a whole as propagated by western main stream economists leaves benefits indeed merely ‘trickling down’ to the poor and not ‘pouring’, such that the transition in South Africa has been reduced to an ‘elite transition’. The research results confirm, as observed elsewhere, that experiences of several developing countries over the past decades do not appear to support the trickle down hypothesis. On the other hand, community participation is also stifled by lack of participatory spaces, poor participatory methodologies and structures which make participation difficult while the poor remain trapped in the vicious cycle of poverty. Real participation goes beyond ‘passive development objects’ and ‘recipients of development’ to ensuring that people are empowered to become ‘masters of their own development’ within the context of a participatory democratic developmental state. There is need for not only a thorough examination of the political use of the ‘local’, the ‘poor’ but even the very conceptualisation of participation and its methodologies for effective community participation to be realised. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2009
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Global leadership competencies in the industrial development zones in South Africa
- Dweba, Zandisile Moses https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0001-1095
- Authors: Dweba, Zandisile Moses https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0001-1095
- Date: 2009-06
- Subjects: Leadership -- South Africa , Industrialization
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24046 , vital:62312
- Description: In the literature reviewed a lack in leadership competencies to deal with globalisation and global trends within the South African organisation context (Fontyn, 2001; Tizard, 2001; Kriek, 2002) was identified which led to questions being raised on the prevalence of these essential global leadership competencies within South African transnational and global organisations. Realising the need for the development of an outwardly focused and globally competitive leadership model this study sought to investigate: The key generic leadership competencies relevant to globalisation The specific relevant leadership competencies and their prevalence within the industrial development zones Whether or not the surveyed individual competencies were significant and had an impact on global leadership competencies that rendered leaders capable of operating in a global environment. A multi-method research plan was followed in order to consolidate existing knowledge on global leadership competencies and then to expand upon that knowledge. The approach was preferred due to the lack of leadership competency research within Industrial Development Zones. The study consisted of a qualitative study leading to the assessment of the current state of knowledge and understanding of the global leadership competencies. This phase was aimed at stimulating a debate on the topic in preparation for the quantitative phase which investigated the prevalence of these global leadership competencies within the Industrial Development Zones. Through the literature review, fifteen global leadership competencies were identified and these formed the basis for the questionnaire used for data collection. This list of global leadership competencies should, however, not be seen as an exhaustive list as opinions varied on leadership competencies relevant to globalisation (Msomi, 2001; Rossouw & Bews, 2002). iv In the findings of this study: The respondents largely confirmed the prevalence of the global leadership competencies in the Industrial Development Zones. While there existed high internal consistency of the variables measured, the demonstration of the competencies by leaders in the Industrial Development Zones, as perceived by the respondents, was found to be largely insignificant and as such had no impact on global leadership competencies and the ability of the zones‟ leaders to operate in a global environment. The recommendations that ensue should, in view of the limitations cited, be implemented with caution as their generalisability might be limited. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2009
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009-06
- Authors: Dweba, Zandisile Moses https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0001-1095
- Date: 2009-06
- Subjects: Leadership -- South Africa , Industrialization
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24046 , vital:62312
- Description: In the literature reviewed a lack in leadership competencies to deal with globalisation and global trends within the South African organisation context (Fontyn, 2001; Tizard, 2001; Kriek, 2002) was identified which led to questions being raised on the prevalence of these essential global leadership competencies within South African transnational and global organisations. Realising the need for the development of an outwardly focused and globally competitive leadership model this study sought to investigate: The key generic leadership competencies relevant to globalisation The specific relevant leadership competencies and their prevalence within the industrial development zones Whether or not the surveyed individual competencies were significant and had an impact on global leadership competencies that rendered leaders capable of operating in a global environment. A multi-method research plan was followed in order to consolidate existing knowledge on global leadership competencies and then to expand upon that knowledge. The approach was preferred due to the lack of leadership competency research within Industrial Development Zones. The study consisted of a qualitative study leading to the assessment of the current state of knowledge and understanding of the global leadership competencies. This phase was aimed at stimulating a debate on the topic in preparation for the quantitative phase which investigated the prevalence of these global leadership competencies within the Industrial Development Zones. Through the literature review, fifteen global leadership competencies were identified and these formed the basis for the questionnaire used for data collection. This list of global leadership competencies should, however, not be seen as an exhaustive list as opinions varied on leadership competencies relevant to globalisation (Msomi, 2001; Rossouw & Bews, 2002). iv In the findings of this study: The respondents largely confirmed the prevalence of the global leadership competencies in the Industrial Development Zones. While there existed high internal consistency of the variables measured, the demonstration of the competencies by leaders in the Industrial Development Zones, as perceived by the respondents, was found to be largely insignificant and as such had no impact on global leadership competencies and the ability of the zones‟ leaders to operate in a global environment. The recommendations that ensue should, in view of the limitations cited, be implemented with caution as their generalisability might be limited. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2009
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009-06
Effects of social and ecological factors on cattle grazing strategies in semi-arid communal rangelands of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Moyo, Bethwell (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7524-9028)
- Authors: Moyo, Bethwell (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7524-9028)
- Date: 2009-09
- Subjects: Communal rangelands--South Africa--Eastern Cape , Grazing--South Africa--Eastern Cape , Range Management--South Africa--Eastern Cape South Africa Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/25461 , vital:64279
- Description: Communal rangelands are the main source of livestock feed for resource poor communal farmers. They are characterized by heavy stocking and poor management which is perceived to be the cause of the prevalent degradation hence the incessant calls for introduction of rotational grazing. Rotational grazing has been associated with improved rangeland condition and animal performance in commercial farms, hence the call that it needs to be introduced in communal areas. Management of communal rangelands within the rotational grazing context requires some fundamental understanding of the relationship between current rangeland use, socio-economic and ecological factors determining the present use of these areas. The objective of this study was to assess how historic tenure and patterns of use have influenced grazing practices and institutional structures, and to identify institutional and ecological factors determining present grazing strategies. Focus group discussions and questionnaire surveys in 11 communities revealed that villagers consider fences and paddocks as the best intervention to improve range management. Furthermore, it was shown that lack of strong local-level institutions, little or no knowledge of veld management, absence of rules and lack of seasonal restrictions on rangeland resource use are additional constraints that need to be considered for any rotational grazing intervention to be embraced. Communal areas vary in household head profiles, and this affects the livestock ownership patterns, which indirectly influences rangeland management. The fact that most of the income for communal area people is from state grants, makes farming secondary and the attention put on rangeland management would therefore be minimal. At present the weak local level institutions would therefoe make any plans to introduce rotational grazing difficult. Communal area grazing strategies are further influenced by rangeland heterogeneity caused by different factors. To understand these factors, the relationship between vegetation parameters in different patches and associated soil parameters was examined. Heterogeneity due to seasonal variation in the biomass of herbaceous vegetation was observed at Magwiji‘s sweetveld, with frequently selected patches having a significantly (p < 0.05) higher biomass in autumn (791 kg ha-1) and winter (528 kg ha-1), while in summer and spring there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in biomass between frequently selected and less selected patches. The present situation in which communal areas support large livestock populations under continuous grazing is due to the fact that cattle would adjust to changes in forage availability by seeking higher biomass patches in times of forage scarcity as observed in Magwiji. At the coastal forest thornveld of Mnyameni the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that the first axis was significantly correlated with soil organic carbon (r = -1, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the species that were significantly correlated with the first axis were Cynodon dactylon and Pennisetum clandestinum. These species were mainly found in sites that were preferred in April and June. At the sourveld of Upper Mnxe the first axis was significantly correlated with soil pH (r = 0.9, p < 0.05). At this rangeland, sites selected in June were associated with alkaline soils; characterized by a history of human settlement and dominated by Eragrostis superba and Heteropogon contortus. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) separated species (r = 0.9; p < 0.05) along the first axis at Magwiji, with mountain top sites selected in April and June having low EC and dominated by Digitaria eriantha, Eragrostis superba and Andropogon appendiculatus. Rangeland heterogeneity is caused by various factors, ranging from human disturbance to topography. These factors have an effect on the soil properties, and therefore, vegetation and thus lead to the observed heterogeneity which shapes the utilization patterns of these rangelands, and hence their continued support of large populations of livestock. To understand the effects of seasonal and spatial variation in resource use pattern and implications on range management, differences in cattle activity patterns in relation to veld type, season, daytime, management type (kraaling) and forage quality were examined. Seasonal activity patterns were only significant at Upper Mnxe (p < 0.05), with percent of time spent grazing (77 percent), resting (35 percent) and walking (24 percent) being higher in April, November and June respectively. , Thesis (PHD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2009
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009-09
- Authors: Moyo, Bethwell (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7524-9028)
- Date: 2009-09
- Subjects: Communal rangelands--South Africa--Eastern Cape , Grazing--South Africa--Eastern Cape , Range Management--South Africa--Eastern Cape South Africa Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/25461 , vital:64279
- Description: Communal rangelands are the main source of livestock feed for resource poor communal farmers. They are characterized by heavy stocking and poor management which is perceived to be the cause of the prevalent degradation hence the incessant calls for introduction of rotational grazing. Rotational grazing has been associated with improved rangeland condition and animal performance in commercial farms, hence the call that it needs to be introduced in communal areas. Management of communal rangelands within the rotational grazing context requires some fundamental understanding of the relationship between current rangeland use, socio-economic and ecological factors determining the present use of these areas. The objective of this study was to assess how historic tenure and patterns of use have influenced grazing practices and institutional structures, and to identify institutional and ecological factors determining present grazing strategies. Focus group discussions and questionnaire surveys in 11 communities revealed that villagers consider fences and paddocks as the best intervention to improve range management. Furthermore, it was shown that lack of strong local-level institutions, little or no knowledge of veld management, absence of rules and lack of seasonal restrictions on rangeland resource use are additional constraints that need to be considered for any rotational grazing intervention to be embraced. Communal areas vary in household head profiles, and this affects the livestock ownership patterns, which indirectly influences rangeland management. The fact that most of the income for communal area people is from state grants, makes farming secondary and the attention put on rangeland management would therefore be minimal. At present the weak local level institutions would therefoe make any plans to introduce rotational grazing difficult. Communal area grazing strategies are further influenced by rangeland heterogeneity caused by different factors. To understand these factors, the relationship between vegetation parameters in different patches and associated soil parameters was examined. Heterogeneity due to seasonal variation in the biomass of herbaceous vegetation was observed at Magwiji‘s sweetveld, with frequently selected patches having a significantly (p < 0.05) higher biomass in autumn (791 kg ha-1) and winter (528 kg ha-1), while in summer and spring there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in biomass between frequently selected and less selected patches. The present situation in which communal areas support large livestock populations under continuous grazing is due to the fact that cattle would adjust to changes in forage availability by seeking higher biomass patches in times of forage scarcity as observed in Magwiji. At the coastal forest thornveld of Mnyameni the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that the first axis was significantly correlated with soil organic carbon (r = -1, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the species that were significantly correlated with the first axis were Cynodon dactylon and Pennisetum clandestinum. These species were mainly found in sites that were preferred in April and June. At the sourveld of Upper Mnxe the first axis was significantly correlated with soil pH (r = 0.9, p < 0.05). At this rangeland, sites selected in June were associated with alkaline soils; characterized by a history of human settlement and dominated by Eragrostis superba and Heteropogon contortus. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) separated species (r = 0.9; p < 0.05) along the first axis at Magwiji, with mountain top sites selected in April and June having low EC and dominated by Digitaria eriantha, Eragrostis superba and Andropogon appendiculatus. Rangeland heterogeneity is caused by various factors, ranging from human disturbance to topography. These factors have an effect on the soil properties, and therefore, vegetation and thus lead to the observed heterogeneity which shapes the utilization patterns of these rangelands, and hence their continued support of large populations of livestock. To understand the effects of seasonal and spatial variation in resource use pattern and implications on range management, differences in cattle activity patterns in relation to veld type, season, daytime, management type (kraaling) and forage quality were examined. Seasonal activity patterns were only significant at Upper Mnxe (p < 0.05), with percent of time spent grazing (77 percent), resting (35 percent) and walking (24 percent) being higher in April, November and June respectively. , Thesis (PHD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2009
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009-09
Re-thinking rural development through agriculture
- Matunhu, Jephias (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-5867)
- Authors: Matunhu, Jephias (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-5867)
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Rural development--South Africa--Eastern Cape , Agriculture--South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24532 , vital:63067
- Description: This study addresses the problem of abject rural poverty in the post-apartheid South Africa with specific reference to the Amathole Rural District (ARD) in the Eastern Cape Province (the poorest province in the country). Abject poverty is conceptualized as inability to meet the basic human needs such as food, water, shelter and clothes. The study is premised in the revisionist trajectory of rural economic development, which regards agriculture as the ‘engine’ for rural development. The thesis addressed the following issues on rural poverty reduction in the ARD; the efficacy of rural agriculture in rural poverty reduction, value-adding to rural farm produce, support that is required and social factors that may affect the residents’ ability to fight poverty through agriculture? The thesis adopted the concurrent transformative mixed research methodology; and data were collected from a purposive sample of 138 respondents using unstructured interviews and semi-structured questionnaires. Data were collected with the help of research assistance. The study established that the ARD residents were keen to fight abject poverty through rural agriculture but were constrained by the lack of arable land, financial resources, technological support, corruption and HIV/AIDs. In view of the above findings, the thesis concluded that deep collaboration and participation of strategic partners such as government, the rural residents, NGOs and the business sector is essential in the implementation of pro-poor strategies in the ARD. The thesis also called for further research into the following areas that have a direct influence on the efficacy of rural agriculture on the ARD’s development; ICT and development, the rural residents’ attitude towards savings and on the political economy of cooperative ventures in rural agriculture. The thesis also encouraged further research to establish new linkages and roles of the following pertinent partners in ARD’s development; government, the rural residents, NGOs and the business sector. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2010
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Matunhu, Jephias (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-5867)
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Rural development--South Africa--Eastern Cape , Agriculture--South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24532 , vital:63067
- Description: This study addresses the problem of abject rural poverty in the post-apartheid South Africa with specific reference to the Amathole Rural District (ARD) in the Eastern Cape Province (the poorest province in the country). Abject poverty is conceptualized as inability to meet the basic human needs such as food, water, shelter and clothes. The study is premised in the revisionist trajectory of rural economic development, which regards agriculture as the ‘engine’ for rural development. The thesis addressed the following issues on rural poverty reduction in the ARD; the efficacy of rural agriculture in rural poverty reduction, value-adding to rural farm produce, support that is required and social factors that may affect the residents’ ability to fight poverty through agriculture? The thesis adopted the concurrent transformative mixed research methodology; and data were collected from a purposive sample of 138 respondents using unstructured interviews and semi-structured questionnaires. Data were collected with the help of research assistance. The study established that the ARD residents were keen to fight abject poverty through rural agriculture but were constrained by the lack of arable land, financial resources, technological support, corruption and HIV/AIDs. In view of the above findings, the thesis concluded that deep collaboration and participation of strategic partners such as government, the rural residents, NGOs and the business sector is essential in the implementation of pro-poor strategies in the ARD. The thesis also called for further research into the following areas that have a direct influence on the efficacy of rural agriculture on the ARD’s development; ICT and development, the rural residents’ attitude towards savings and on the political economy of cooperative ventures in rural agriculture. The thesis also encouraged further research to establish new linkages and roles of the following pertinent partners in ARD’s development; government, the rural residents, NGOs and the business sector. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2010
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
Rethinking water service delivery system in Zimbabwe: a case study of Kwekwe Municipality
- Authors: Mupindu, Wisemen
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Water-supply -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24117 , vital:62379
- Description: This study examines the perceived scarcity of household water service delivery in the city of Kwekwe under the Midlands province of Zimbabwe. Kwekwe Municipality appears to be characterized by an erratic supply of clean water for household use. The city of Kwekwe has experienced an unreliable domestic water service delivery system since the beginning of this millennium. This study aims to investigate the causes of the problem, its extent, impact and what could be done to mitigate the problem. The study employs interviews, questionnaires, observations and document analyses to establish that population growth, ageing equipment, a lack of foreign currency and local funding, as well as a lack of expertise and of political will have contributed to the poor domestic water supply in the city of Kwekwe. The city of Kwekwe needs to commit itself to improving the current situation by involving the community, constructing more storage facilities, and by putting monitoring and evaluation mechanisms in place. The research design took the form of a case study of Kwekwe Municipality. A mixture of qualitative and quantitative research designs were used in this study. The qualitative/interpretivist approach was more dominant, allowing some overlapping with the quantitative/positivist paradigm whenever this was considered reasonable. The study sample consisted of a conveniently assembled sample of 120 respondents. The target population for the study comprised of 110 residents of Kwekwe urban and 10 Kwekwe City Municipality Water Authorities from the Works Department. This study focuses on the 4 residential areas of Kwekwe Municipality. The data collection instruments include questionnaires and focus group interviews. Electronically recorded, in-depth interviews were held with the water authorities and the consumers to establish their perceptions on the best practice of the water service delivery system in Zimbabwe. The data collection tools contained a preliminary section on the biological data of the respondents. All data was subjected to either qualitative or quantitative analysis techniques in order to strike a balance between the structured survey instruments and the anecdotes of the respondents. Quantitative data was analyzed using a Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), while qualitative data was subjected to document analysis which entailed classifying the data, extracting themes, identifying patterns, tallying and quantifying responses and making generalizations out of these patterns. This implies that the research methodology focused on the method, tools and techniques used to assist in achieving the objectives of the study and answering the research questions that the research seeks to address. The term research methodology is used, in this study, to refer to the philosophical assumptions, values, and theories which inform and underpin the way in which a particular research method is used. In this study, the case study research design was used as the operational framework for data gathering. The case study research method is essentially grounded in the interpretive research paradigm. To this end, the study sought the perceptions of both the consumers and the water authorities. The major finding of the study is that the ability of Kwekwe Municipality to provide household water service delivery to its consumers is slightly below average. However, there was a slight improvement in the household water service delivery but consumers are still remaining dissatisfied. Another finding, related to this one, was that the electricity deficiency cost the efficacy of Kwekwe Municipality in its provision of household water service delivery. The study proposes that more studies which seek to interrogate the domestic water service delivery system of the Zimbabwean Municipalities should be embarked upon by the state. The study also recommends that service delivery training programmes be implemented in order to enhance the competence of the water authorities. Furthermore, the study suggests that consumers be placed at the center of household water debates when policies, rules and regulations of the water service delivery system are formulated. Finally, the study implores that municipalities need to have their own reserves and generators for emergency cases during electricity power cuts. It is imperative that the water reservoirs constantly hold 4 days‟ worth of water capacity. The municipality of Kwekwe must refurbish the entire water reticulation system. Municipalities must carry out an audit of water meter readings and also confirm that all water meters are functional. Manpower to read the correct meter reading should be increased in number and must have reliable transport. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2010
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Mupindu, Wisemen
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Water-supply -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24117 , vital:62379
- Description: This study examines the perceived scarcity of household water service delivery in the city of Kwekwe under the Midlands province of Zimbabwe. Kwekwe Municipality appears to be characterized by an erratic supply of clean water for household use. The city of Kwekwe has experienced an unreliable domestic water service delivery system since the beginning of this millennium. This study aims to investigate the causes of the problem, its extent, impact and what could be done to mitigate the problem. The study employs interviews, questionnaires, observations and document analyses to establish that population growth, ageing equipment, a lack of foreign currency and local funding, as well as a lack of expertise and of political will have contributed to the poor domestic water supply in the city of Kwekwe. The city of Kwekwe needs to commit itself to improving the current situation by involving the community, constructing more storage facilities, and by putting monitoring and evaluation mechanisms in place. The research design took the form of a case study of Kwekwe Municipality. A mixture of qualitative and quantitative research designs were used in this study. The qualitative/interpretivist approach was more dominant, allowing some overlapping with the quantitative/positivist paradigm whenever this was considered reasonable. The study sample consisted of a conveniently assembled sample of 120 respondents. The target population for the study comprised of 110 residents of Kwekwe urban and 10 Kwekwe City Municipality Water Authorities from the Works Department. This study focuses on the 4 residential areas of Kwekwe Municipality. The data collection instruments include questionnaires and focus group interviews. Electronically recorded, in-depth interviews were held with the water authorities and the consumers to establish their perceptions on the best practice of the water service delivery system in Zimbabwe. The data collection tools contained a preliminary section on the biological data of the respondents. All data was subjected to either qualitative or quantitative analysis techniques in order to strike a balance between the structured survey instruments and the anecdotes of the respondents. Quantitative data was analyzed using a Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), while qualitative data was subjected to document analysis which entailed classifying the data, extracting themes, identifying patterns, tallying and quantifying responses and making generalizations out of these patterns. This implies that the research methodology focused on the method, tools and techniques used to assist in achieving the objectives of the study and answering the research questions that the research seeks to address. The term research methodology is used, in this study, to refer to the philosophical assumptions, values, and theories which inform and underpin the way in which a particular research method is used. In this study, the case study research design was used as the operational framework for data gathering. The case study research method is essentially grounded in the interpretive research paradigm. To this end, the study sought the perceptions of both the consumers and the water authorities. The major finding of the study is that the ability of Kwekwe Municipality to provide household water service delivery to its consumers is slightly below average. However, there was a slight improvement in the household water service delivery but consumers are still remaining dissatisfied. Another finding, related to this one, was that the electricity deficiency cost the efficacy of Kwekwe Municipality in its provision of household water service delivery. The study proposes that more studies which seek to interrogate the domestic water service delivery system of the Zimbabwean Municipalities should be embarked upon by the state. The study also recommends that service delivery training programmes be implemented in order to enhance the competence of the water authorities. Furthermore, the study suggests that consumers be placed at the center of household water debates when policies, rules and regulations of the water service delivery system are formulated. Finally, the study implores that municipalities need to have their own reserves and generators for emergency cases during electricity power cuts. It is imperative that the water reservoirs constantly hold 4 days‟ worth of water capacity. The municipality of Kwekwe must refurbish the entire water reticulation system. Municipalities must carry out an audit of water meter readings and also confirm that all water meters are functional. Manpower to read the correct meter reading should be increased in number and must have reliable transport. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2010
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
International legal protection of women's reproductive rights: a comparative analysis of abortion laws and policies in four jurisdictions-Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa and U.S.A.
- Authors: Abiodun, Adeleke Funminiyi
- Date: 2010-10
- Subjects: Abortion -- Law and legislation , Reproductive right
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/25839 , vital:64491
- Description: The subject matter of abortion law is extremely broad and multi-disciplinary. While naturally having its basis in criminal and constitutional law of individual states, the global development of abortion discourse has been influenced by the need to protect the reproductive rights of women as a sub-set of international human rights laws; thereby advocating not only the decriminalisation of abortion but also, that individual State should take affirmative actions in promoting abortion as a right for every woman. However, that induced abortion is a punishable criminal act or a “protectable” woman’s reproductive right remains controversial due to the plethora of perspectives, beliefs and reservations held by different groups of people which are multi-dimensional and contradictory. This thesis therefore attempts a comparative study of abortion laws and policies in four jurisdictions: Nigeria and Ghana, operating criminalised abortion laws, South Africa and United States which operate liberalised/permissive abortion laws and policies. The study basically examines the legal status and reproductive rights of women to legal and safe abortion within the existing legal framework of national laws of the four selected jurisdictions vis-à-vis the legal protection offered by various international instruments on human rights. While we show that strict and restrictive abortion laws, and also, failure of States to create conditions for safe abortion constitute infractions of the reproductive rights of women, we submit further that over-liberalisation of abortion laws and policies could also amount to infringement of the basic rights of other people, thus there is need to ensure a legal and acceptable balance. The study finally acknowledges the role of international human rights laws in the protection of women’s right to legal and safe abortion but asserts that there can be no universally acceptable morality to which the whole world could subsume in term of women’s right to abortion due to the interplay of socio-cultural, religious, and moral affiliations of the people in different communities. , Thesis (LLD) -- Faculty of Law, 2010
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010-10
- Authors: Abiodun, Adeleke Funminiyi
- Date: 2010-10
- Subjects: Abortion -- Law and legislation , Reproductive right
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/25839 , vital:64491
- Description: The subject matter of abortion law is extremely broad and multi-disciplinary. While naturally having its basis in criminal and constitutional law of individual states, the global development of abortion discourse has been influenced by the need to protect the reproductive rights of women as a sub-set of international human rights laws; thereby advocating not only the decriminalisation of abortion but also, that individual State should take affirmative actions in promoting abortion as a right for every woman. However, that induced abortion is a punishable criminal act or a “protectable” woman’s reproductive right remains controversial due to the plethora of perspectives, beliefs and reservations held by different groups of people which are multi-dimensional and contradictory. This thesis therefore attempts a comparative study of abortion laws and policies in four jurisdictions: Nigeria and Ghana, operating criminalised abortion laws, South Africa and United States which operate liberalised/permissive abortion laws and policies. The study basically examines the legal status and reproductive rights of women to legal and safe abortion within the existing legal framework of national laws of the four selected jurisdictions vis-à-vis the legal protection offered by various international instruments on human rights. While we show that strict and restrictive abortion laws, and also, failure of States to create conditions for safe abortion constitute infractions of the reproductive rights of women, we submit further that over-liberalisation of abortion laws and policies could also amount to infringement of the basic rights of other people, thus there is need to ensure a legal and acceptable balance. The study finally acknowledges the role of international human rights laws in the protection of women’s right to legal and safe abortion but asserts that there can be no universally acceptable morality to which the whole world could subsume in term of women’s right to abortion due to the interplay of socio-cultural, religious, and moral affiliations of the people in different communities. , Thesis (LLD) -- Faculty of Law, 2010
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010-10
Evaluation of the impact of financial fraud and corruption on the sustainable development of selected municipalities in South Africa
- Okubena, Olumuyiwa Olamilekan
- Authors: Okubena, Olumuyiwa Olamilekan
- Date: 2010-12
- Subjects: Sustainable development -- South Africa , Fraud -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/25569 , vital:64335
- Description: This thesis explored the pernicious effects of financial fraud and corruption and the importance of the rule of law, transparency and accountability of public sector. These critical conditions serve as the foundation for the effective and efficient governance and the economic growth of a nation, especially through utilizing the opportunities provided by globalization through increased investment and trade. The thesis looks at the importance of upholding the rule of law and fostering transparency and accountability in the public sector in combating financial fraud and corruption, particularly as components of effective national strategies. The rule of law, transparency and accountability in the public sector serve not only as means to counter financial fraud and corruption but also as fundamental conditions of effective governance. It was discovered that financial fraud and corruption is a complex phenomenon, present in all countries. Its causes are engendered by conditions of underdevelopment. Hence, its effects hinder and impede the development process itself. It was also confirmed that financial fraud and corruption are co-determined by many other factors, including cultural and moral values. The motivation to remain honest may be weakened by low public official’s salaries, promotion of personnel unconnected to performance, dysfunctional government budgets, loss of organizational purpose, bad example by chief official’s and political leaders, or long established patron-client relationships, in which the sharing of bribes or the exchange of favors has become entrenched. Financial fraud and corruption can be highly concentrated at the top of a political system and associated with political power, or broadly based at lower levels in the system, associated with administrative processes and discretionary powers. Hence, bribes can be blatant or subtle and take many different forms, including cash payments, job offers, scholarships, foreign trips or political and other favors. Furthermore, the development of sustainable local authorities however is an ambitious issue that requires local authorities to focus on the improvement of the quality of life of present and future communities without depleting the natural resources at their disposal. For sustainable and equitable development, this study espouses on the far-reaching implications for local authorities through multiple regression analysis due to various economic, social and institutional challenges that have to be taken into consideration when a process to promote sustainable development is considered. To comprehensively actualize the implications of financial fraud and corruption on the sustainable development of local authorities, a multistage cluster sampling, a form of probability sampling technique was adopted. Semantically, to identify the research paradigms suitable for this study, a hybrid approach to research design was used (quantitative and qualitative). This however enables the impact of financial fraud and corruption on the sustainable development of selected local authorities in South Africa to be ascertained. Moreover, the study explores the circumstances and implications surrounding financial fraud and corruption in the local authorities in South-Africa. Financial fraud and corruption tends to emerge when an organization or a public official has monopoly power over a good or service that generates rent, has the discretionary power to decide who will receive it, and is not accountable. Financial fraud and corruption’s roots are grounded in a country’s social and cultural history, political and economic development, bureaucratic traditions and policies. This study also identifies that, direct and indirect factors promote financial fraud and corruption. Direct factors include regulations and authorizations, taxation, spending decisions, provision of goods and services at below market prices, and financing political parties. On the other hand, quality of bureaucracy, level of public sector wages, penalty systems, institutional controls, and transparency of rules, laws, and processes are the indirect factors that promote financial fraud and corruption. Financial fraud and corruption is a symptom of deep institutional weaknesses that leads to inefficient economic, social, and political outcomes. It reduces economic growth, retards long-term foreign and domestic investments, enhances inflation, depreciates national currency, reduces expenditures for education and health, increases military expenditures, misallocates talent to rent-seeking activities, pushes firms underground, distorts markets and the allocation of resources, increases income inequality and poverty, reduces tax revenue, increases child and infant mortality rates, distorts the fundamental role of the government (on enforcement of contracts and protection of property. Nonetheless, this study concludes that financial fraud and corruption impedes economic efficiency which could slow or shrink economic growth. This will adversely affect all income classes, especially the most vulnerable, the poor. The effect of financial fraud and corruption through investment expenditure on health and education critical to sustainable development was noted in this study. In practice, the distinction between governance and government and the resultant mechanisms directed at local sustainable development do not seem to be clear. Hence, lack of understanding of the meaning of sustainability and governance for local development is still lacking. Recommendations on the serious consequences of financial fraud and corruption on economic growth, capital formation, poverty and inequality to foster and address sustainable development are also provided in this study. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2010
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010-12
- Authors: Okubena, Olumuyiwa Olamilekan
- Date: 2010-12
- Subjects: Sustainable development -- South Africa , Fraud -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/25569 , vital:64335
- Description: This thesis explored the pernicious effects of financial fraud and corruption and the importance of the rule of law, transparency and accountability of public sector. These critical conditions serve as the foundation for the effective and efficient governance and the economic growth of a nation, especially through utilizing the opportunities provided by globalization through increased investment and trade. The thesis looks at the importance of upholding the rule of law and fostering transparency and accountability in the public sector in combating financial fraud and corruption, particularly as components of effective national strategies. The rule of law, transparency and accountability in the public sector serve not only as means to counter financial fraud and corruption but also as fundamental conditions of effective governance. It was discovered that financial fraud and corruption is a complex phenomenon, present in all countries. Its causes are engendered by conditions of underdevelopment. Hence, its effects hinder and impede the development process itself. It was also confirmed that financial fraud and corruption are co-determined by many other factors, including cultural and moral values. The motivation to remain honest may be weakened by low public official’s salaries, promotion of personnel unconnected to performance, dysfunctional government budgets, loss of organizational purpose, bad example by chief official’s and political leaders, or long established patron-client relationships, in which the sharing of bribes or the exchange of favors has become entrenched. Financial fraud and corruption can be highly concentrated at the top of a political system and associated with political power, or broadly based at lower levels in the system, associated with administrative processes and discretionary powers. Hence, bribes can be blatant or subtle and take many different forms, including cash payments, job offers, scholarships, foreign trips or political and other favors. Furthermore, the development of sustainable local authorities however is an ambitious issue that requires local authorities to focus on the improvement of the quality of life of present and future communities without depleting the natural resources at their disposal. For sustainable and equitable development, this study espouses on the far-reaching implications for local authorities through multiple regression analysis due to various economic, social and institutional challenges that have to be taken into consideration when a process to promote sustainable development is considered. To comprehensively actualize the implications of financial fraud and corruption on the sustainable development of local authorities, a multistage cluster sampling, a form of probability sampling technique was adopted. Semantically, to identify the research paradigms suitable for this study, a hybrid approach to research design was used (quantitative and qualitative). This however enables the impact of financial fraud and corruption on the sustainable development of selected local authorities in South Africa to be ascertained. Moreover, the study explores the circumstances and implications surrounding financial fraud and corruption in the local authorities in South-Africa. Financial fraud and corruption tends to emerge when an organization or a public official has monopoly power over a good or service that generates rent, has the discretionary power to decide who will receive it, and is not accountable. Financial fraud and corruption’s roots are grounded in a country’s social and cultural history, political and economic development, bureaucratic traditions and policies. This study also identifies that, direct and indirect factors promote financial fraud and corruption. Direct factors include regulations and authorizations, taxation, spending decisions, provision of goods and services at below market prices, and financing political parties. On the other hand, quality of bureaucracy, level of public sector wages, penalty systems, institutional controls, and transparency of rules, laws, and processes are the indirect factors that promote financial fraud and corruption. Financial fraud and corruption is a symptom of deep institutional weaknesses that leads to inefficient economic, social, and political outcomes. It reduces economic growth, retards long-term foreign and domestic investments, enhances inflation, depreciates national currency, reduces expenditures for education and health, increases military expenditures, misallocates talent to rent-seeking activities, pushes firms underground, distorts markets and the allocation of resources, increases income inequality and poverty, reduces tax revenue, increases child and infant mortality rates, distorts the fundamental role of the government (on enforcement of contracts and protection of property. Nonetheless, this study concludes that financial fraud and corruption impedes economic efficiency which could slow or shrink economic growth. This will adversely affect all income classes, especially the most vulnerable, the poor. The effect of financial fraud and corruption through investment expenditure on health and education critical to sustainable development was noted in this study. In practice, the distinction between governance and government and the resultant mechanisms directed at local sustainable development do not seem to be clear. Hence, lack of understanding of the meaning of sustainability and governance for local development is still lacking. Recommendations on the serious consequences of financial fraud and corruption on economic growth, capital formation, poverty and inequality to foster and address sustainable development are also provided in this study. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2010
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010-12
Functionalized Ru(II) polypyridines and phthalocyanines: Potential dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs)
- Adeloye, Adewale Olufunsho https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1736-5738
- Authors: Adeloye, Adewale Olufunsho https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1736-5738
- Date: 2011-01
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines , Dye-sensitized solar cells
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24365 , vital:62645
- Description: This study describes the design, synthesis, characterization and preliminary investigation of the solar-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency of ruthenium(II) functionalized polypyridine and phthalocyanine complexes with extended π-conjugation. Polypyridinyl functionalized with anthracene, 2,3-dimethylacrylic acid and 1-methoxy-1-buten-3-yne were synthesized and characterized by infrared, UV-Vis, photoluminescence, 1H and 13C NMR and elemental analysis. The functionalized polypyridine molecules were used to synthesize various ruthenium(II) homoleptic/heteroleptic and/or heteronuclear complexes and their photophysical and electrochemical properties evaluated. The preliminary results of the solar-to-electrical conversion efficiencies of some synthesized Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes were presented in chapter 5. It was found out as expected that the ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes containing either heteronuclear polypyridine ligands or their thiocyanate analogues of the types [Ru(L1)2L2(PF6)2], [RuL1(L2)2(PF6)2] and [RuL1L2(NCS)2], showed better photophysical properties (red-shifted metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) transitions concomitant with enhanced molar extinction coefficients), luminescence and interesting electrochemical redox properties than those containing homonuclear ligand types [Ru(L1)3(PF6)2]. The ruthenium(II) anthracenyl functionalized phthalocyanine complexes which were obtained by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions in the peripheral positions gave good solubility properties in various organic solvents and also showed interesting near infrared absorption and electroredox characteristics. Cyclic and square wave voltammetries of these complexes revealed major redox processes and the numbers of electron(s) transfer were determined by chronocoulometry. It was established that a mono- and/or multi-electronic transfer reactions can occur in the various ruthenium(II) complexes. The photophysical properties of some complexes showed them to be better and promising candidates in the design of chemosensors, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and as photosensitizers, while their redox-active natures make them potential mediators in electron-transfer for various photochemical processes. However, due to low surface concentration and/or adsorption of some tested complexes on TiO2 semiconductor nanocrystalline particle, low currents were generated and the highest solar-to- electrical conversion efficiency recorded in this study was 0.10 percent. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-01
- Authors: Adeloye, Adewale Olufunsho https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1736-5738
- Date: 2011-01
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines , Dye-sensitized solar cells
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24365 , vital:62645
- Description: This study describes the design, synthesis, characterization and preliminary investigation of the solar-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency of ruthenium(II) functionalized polypyridine and phthalocyanine complexes with extended π-conjugation. Polypyridinyl functionalized with anthracene, 2,3-dimethylacrylic acid and 1-methoxy-1-buten-3-yne were synthesized and characterized by infrared, UV-Vis, photoluminescence, 1H and 13C NMR and elemental analysis. The functionalized polypyridine molecules were used to synthesize various ruthenium(II) homoleptic/heteroleptic and/or heteronuclear complexes and their photophysical and electrochemical properties evaluated. The preliminary results of the solar-to-electrical conversion efficiencies of some synthesized Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes were presented in chapter 5. It was found out as expected that the ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes containing either heteronuclear polypyridine ligands or their thiocyanate analogues of the types [Ru(L1)2L2(PF6)2], [RuL1(L2)2(PF6)2] and [RuL1L2(NCS)2], showed better photophysical properties (red-shifted metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) transitions concomitant with enhanced molar extinction coefficients), luminescence and interesting electrochemical redox properties than those containing homonuclear ligand types [Ru(L1)3(PF6)2]. The ruthenium(II) anthracenyl functionalized phthalocyanine complexes which were obtained by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions in the peripheral positions gave good solubility properties in various organic solvents and also showed interesting near infrared absorption and electroredox characteristics. Cyclic and square wave voltammetries of these complexes revealed major redox processes and the numbers of electron(s) transfer were determined by chronocoulometry. It was established that a mono- and/or multi-electronic transfer reactions can occur in the various ruthenium(II) complexes. The photophysical properties of some complexes showed them to be better and promising candidates in the design of chemosensors, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and as photosensitizers, while their redox-active natures make them potential mediators in electron-transfer for various photochemical processes. However, due to low surface concentration and/or adsorption of some tested complexes on TiO2 semiconductor nanocrystalline particle, low currents were generated and the highest solar-to- electrical conversion efficiency recorded in this study was 0.10 percent. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-01
Functionalized Ru(II) polypyridines and phthalocyanines: Potential dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs)
- Adeloye, Adewale Olufunsho https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1736-5738
- Authors: Adeloye, Adewale Olufunsho https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1736-5738
- Date: 2011-01
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines , Dye-sensitized solar cells
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24343 , vital:62638
- Description: This study describes the design, synthesis, characterization and preliminary investigation of the solar-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency of ruthenium(II) functionalized polypyridine and phthalocyanine complexes with extended π-conjugation. Polypyridinyl functionalized with anthracene, 2,3-dimethylacrylic acid and 1-methoxy-1-buten-3-yne were synthesized and characterized by infrared, UV-Vis, photoluminescence, 1H and 13C NMR and elemental analysis. The functionalized polypyridine molecules were used to synthesize various ruthenium(II) homoleptic/heteroleptic and/or heteronuclear complexes and their photophysical and electrochemical properties evaluated. The preliminary results of the solar-to-electrical conversion efficiencies of some synthesized Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes were presented in chapter 5. It was found out as expected that the ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes containing either heteronuclear polypyridine ligands or their thiocyanate analogues of the types [Ru(L1)2L2(PF6)2], [RuL1(L2)2(PF6)2] and [RuL1L2(NCS)2], showed better photophysical properties (red-shifted metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) transitions concomitant with enhanced molar extinction coefficients), luminescence and interesting electrochemical redox properties than those containing homonuclear ligand types [Ru(L1)3(PF6)2]. The ruthenium(II) anthracenyl functionalized phthalocyanine complexes which were obtained by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions in the peripheral positions gave good solubility properties in various organic solvents and also showed interesting near infrared absorption and electroredox characteristics. Cyclic and square wave voltammetries of these complexes revealed major redox processes and the numbers of electron(s) transfer were determined by chronocoulometry. It was established that a mono- and/or multi-electronic transfer reactions can occur in the various ruthenium(II) complexes. The photophysical properties of some complexes showed them to be better and promising candidates in the design of chemosensors, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and as photosensitizers, while their redox-active natures make them potential mediators in electron-transfer for various photochemical processes. However, due to low surface concentration and/or adsorption of some tested complexes on TiO2 semiconductor nanocrystalline particle, low currents were generated and the highest solar-to-electrical conversion efficiency recorded in this study was 0.10 percent. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-01
- Authors: Adeloye, Adewale Olufunsho https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1736-5738
- Date: 2011-01
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines , Dye-sensitized solar cells
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24343 , vital:62638
- Description: This study describes the design, synthesis, characterization and preliminary investigation of the solar-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency of ruthenium(II) functionalized polypyridine and phthalocyanine complexes with extended π-conjugation. Polypyridinyl functionalized with anthracene, 2,3-dimethylacrylic acid and 1-methoxy-1-buten-3-yne were synthesized and characterized by infrared, UV-Vis, photoluminescence, 1H and 13C NMR and elemental analysis. The functionalized polypyridine molecules were used to synthesize various ruthenium(II) homoleptic/heteroleptic and/or heteronuclear complexes and their photophysical and electrochemical properties evaluated. The preliminary results of the solar-to-electrical conversion efficiencies of some synthesized Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes were presented in chapter 5. It was found out as expected that the ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes containing either heteronuclear polypyridine ligands or their thiocyanate analogues of the types [Ru(L1)2L2(PF6)2], [RuL1(L2)2(PF6)2] and [RuL1L2(NCS)2], showed better photophysical properties (red-shifted metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) transitions concomitant with enhanced molar extinction coefficients), luminescence and interesting electrochemical redox properties than those containing homonuclear ligand types [Ru(L1)3(PF6)2]. The ruthenium(II) anthracenyl functionalized phthalocyanine complexes which were obtained by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions in the peripheral positions gave good solubility properties in various organic solvents and also showed interesting near infrared absorption and electroredox characteristics. Cyclic and square wave voltammetries of these complexes revealed major redox processes and the numbers of electron(s) transfer were determined by chronocoulometry. It was established that a mono- and/or multi-electronic transfer reactions can occur in the various ruthenium(II) complexes. The photophysical properties of some complexes showed them to be better and promising candidates in the design of chemosensors, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and as photosensitizers, while their redox-active natures make them potential mediators in electron-transfer for various photochemical processes. However, due to low surface concentration and/or adsorption of some tested complexes on TiO2 semiconductor nanocrystalline particle, low currents were generated and the highest solar-to-electrical conversion efficiency recorded in this study was 0.10 percent. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-01
The role of the Department of Education in addressing the education of children living and working in the street in the Eastern Cape:
- Authors: Mawisa, Nompumelelo Mavis
- Date: 2011-01
- Subjects: Street children , Social Conditions , Education
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23337 , vital:57354
- Description: A UNICEF report on the drastic effects of child labour in developing countries indicates there are 4040 million children under the age of 18 not attending school (1977). Many are street and working children who deserve the chance, but face parental neglect and poverty to attend school and become conscious and productive citizens. Non-formal education has been identified as an alternative to traditional schooling, in which children learn vocational trades or academic subjects, aimed at enhancing their lives. This alternative approach is considered non-formal education because it is typically short–term and non – degree granting. Though non-formal education can be used for rehabilitation purposes, it cannot replace ultimate schooling. All children want to graduate and compete in the job market. The main aim of this study is to determine the role of the Department of Education in addressing the education of children working and living in the street in the Eastern Cape. The children working and living in the street phenomenon is a major development problem that is experienced all over the developing world. A major cause of this problem in the Eastern Cape is drop–outs due to parental negligence and poverty. To assist children working and living in the street and those in conflict with the law, child and youth care centres in East London, King William’s Town and Queenstown have been established. However, they have not had a very noticeable impact on the magnitude of the problem. Potential for such an impact seems to lie in the domain of collaboration with other non-governmental organisations, other departments and education providers. This study evaluated the quality of education of child and youth care centres and non-formal education programmes in providing education to children working and living in the street, with a view to highlighting the difference that formal education in mainstream schools has, in relation to these centres. The descriptive survey design was used in this study. The sample comprised ten children working and living in the street three child and youth care centres in East London, King William’s Town and Queenstown, ten children working and living in the street in East London, three managers from these centres, and two managers from the Department of Education and the Department of Social Development. The study employed the purposive sampling technique. Data to answer the research questions were collected mainly through questionnaires and interviews. The following conclusions were drawn from this study regarding empowering of children who are working and living in the street: (1) children were acutely cognisant of their impoverished positions in society but were unable to alleviate their economic burdens due to poverty. (2) The lack of teacher training strongly impacted on the children’s self concept to achieve empowerment (3) Non-formal education programmes should be used temporary whilst children working and living in the street are being rehabilitated. Thereafter children should join mainstream schools where they can obtain certificates on completion of their studies. The age factor should be considered when administering non-formal education. (4) Parents were the most important stakeholders in facilitating the enrolment of children in schools and monitoring their attendance. (5) Collaboration of all relevant stakeholders in the education of children working and living in the street is key to their education. , Thesis (PHD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-01
- Authors: Mawisa, Nompumelelo Mavis
- Date: 2011-01
- Subjects: Street children , Social Conditions , Education
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23337 , vital:57354
- Description: A UNICEF report on the drastic effects of child labour in developing countries indicates there are 4040 million children under the age of 18 not attending school (1977). Many are street and working children who deserve the chance, but face parental neglect and poverty to attend school and become conscious and productive citizens. Non-formal education has been identified as an alternative to traditional schooling, in which children learn vocational trades or academic subjects, aimed at enhancing their lives. This alternative approach is considered non-formal education because it is typically short–term and non – degree granting. Though non-formal education can be used for rehabilitation purposes, it cannot replace ultimate schooling. All children want to graduate and compete in the job market. The main aim of this study is to determine the role of the Department of Education in addressing the education of children working and living in the street in the Eastern Cape. The children working and living in the street phenomenon is a major development problem that is experienced all over the developing world. A major cause of this problem in the Eastern Cape is drop–outs due to parental negligence and poverty. To assist children working and living in the street and those in conflict with the law, child and youth care centres in East London, King William’s Town and Queenstown have been established. However, they have not had a very noticeable impact on the magnitude of the problem. Potential for such an impact seems to lie in the domain of collaboration with other non-governmental organisations, other departments and education providers. This study evaluated the quality of education of child and youth care centres and non-formal education programmes in providing education to children working and living in the street, with a view to highlighting the difference that formal education in mainstream schools has, in relation to these centres. The descriptive survey design was used in this study. The sample comprised ten children working and living in the street three child and youth care centres in East London, King William’s Town and Queenstown, ten children working and living in the street in East London, three managers from these centres, and two managers from the Department of Education and the Department of Social Development. The study employed the purposive sampling technique. Data to answer the research questions were collected mainly through questionnaires and interviews. The following conclusions were drawn from this study regarding empowering of children who are working and living in the street: (1) children were acutely cognisant of their impoverished positions in society but were unable to alleviate their economic burdens due to poverty. (2) The lack of teacher training strongly impacted on the children’s self concept to achieve empowerment (3) Non-formal education programmes should be used temporary whilst children working and living in the street are being rehabilitated. Thereafter children should join mainstream schools where they can obtain certificates on completion of their studies. The age factor should be considered when administering non-formal education. (4) Parents were the most important stakeholders in facilitating the enrolment of children in schools and monitoring their attendance. (5) Collaboration of all relevant stakeholders in the education of children working and living in the street is key to their education. , Thesis (PHD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-01
ZIMBABWE’S LIBERATION STRUGGLE: A CRITICAL DECADE OF THE ZIMBABWE AFRICAN NATIONAL UNION (ZANU)’S GUERRILLA WAR, 1970-1980
- Dzimbanhete, Jephias Andrew (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7648-8722)
- Authors: Dzimbanhete, Jephias Andrew (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7648-8722)
- Date: 2011-01
- Subjects: National Liberation Movements -- Zimbabwe , Guerillas , Zimbabwe -- History -- Chimurenga
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23315 , vital:57048
- Description: This study offers a comprehensive examination of the Zimbabwean war of independence depicting the mobilisation of forces of liberation against an intransigent colonial Rhodesian settler state during a critical decade of the 1970s. Its introductory outline presents a broad historical context to the decolonisation processes in Africa. It also introduces the two liberation movements that drove the war of independence, and these revolved around the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU). The empirical chapters of the thesis narrow the focus to the main research subject, that explain the ZANU’s guerrilla warfare and how that was launched under the military wing of the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA). The study looks, particularly on how and why that formation assembled groundswell support and generated pervasive intelligence to operate relentlessly against the Rhodesian colonial government resulting in a compromised independence in 1980. In addition to a wide-ranging survey of literature that deals with the Zimbabwean war of independence, the production of this thesis is thoroughly grounded on empirical methods that hinge on archival research and oral testimonies. The study breaks new ground in outlining the various facets and different phases of the Zimbabwean liberation war. It reveals that the liberation fighters were not merely provided with arms and deployed to fight the Rhodesian army. Rather they underwent a methodical process, which comprised recruitment, extensive training and fundamental political education. This re-represents an alternative narrative or even eccentric paradigm to that persistently presented within the conventional Zimbabwean liberation war historiography. The thesis breaks further new ground in discussing the complex nature of how intelligence gathering and propaganda uses were also centrally linked to the cooperation of or assistance from the various segments of the colonial African society. Its empirical chapters outline the various actions undertaken by the various groups and individuals, the language they adopted in expressing themselves and the convivial connections between them and the guerrilla fighters in the countryside as the war front expanded within the home boundaries. Chapters also explore in greater detail how the liberation movement bred the complex relation and contestation between the political formation of ZANU and its military wing, ZANLA. The uneven power relations between these two formations somehow dictated the course and the outcome of the liberation war. As a result a constitutional settlement or military victory became the two options by which the Rhodesian question could be resolved in the later 1970s. As it turned out, attempts to seek a constitutional solution became a feature of diplomatic dimensions of the postcolonial Rhodesian political landscape. The study concludes with the latter point. , Thesis (PHD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-01
- Authors: Dzimbanhete, Jephias Andrew (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7648-8722)
- Date: 2011-01
- Subjects: National Liberation Movements -- Zimbabwe , Guerillas , Zimbabwe -- History -- Chimurenga
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23315 , vital:57048
- Description: This study offers a comprehensive examination of the Zimbabwean war of independence depicting the mobilisation of forces of liberation against an intransigent colonial Rhodesian settler state during a critical decade of the 1970s. Its introductory outline presents a broad historical context to the decolonisation processes in Africa. It also introduces the two liberation movements that drove the war of independence, and these revolved around the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU). The empirical chapters of the thesis narrow the focus to the main research subject, that explain the ZANU’s guerrilla warfare and how that was launched under the military wing of the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA). The study looks, particularly on how and why that formation assembled groundswell support and generated pervasive intelligence to operate relentlessly against the Rhodesian colonial government resulting in a compromised independence in 1980. In addition to a wide-ranging survey of literature that deals with the Zimbabwean war of independence, the production of this thesis is thoroughly grounded on empirical methods that hinge on archival research and oral testimonies. The study breaks new ground in outlining the various facets and different phases of the Zimbabwean liberation war. It reveals that the liberation fighters were not merely provided with arms and deployed to fight the Rhodesian army. Rather they underwent a methodical process, which comprised recruitment, extensive training and fundamental political education. This re-represents an alternative narrative or even eccentric paradigm to that persistently presented within the conventional Zimbabwean liberation war historiography. The thesis breaks further new ground in discussing the complex nature of how intelligence gathering and propaganda uses were also centrally linked to the cooperation of or assistance from the various segments of the colonial African society. Its empirical chapters outline the various actions undertaken by the various groups and individuals, the language they adopted in expressing themselves and the convivial connections between them and the guerrilla fighters in the countryside as the war front expanded within the home boundaries. Chapters also explore in greater detail how the liberation movement bred the complex relation and contestation between the political formation of ZANU and its military wing, ZANLA. The uneven power relations between these two formations somehow dictated the course and the outcome of the liberation war. As a result a constitutional settlement or military victory became the two options by which the Rhodesian question could be resolved in the later 1970s. As it turned out, attempts to seek a constitutional solution became a feature of diplomatic dimensions of the postcolonial Rhodesian political landscape. The study concludes with the latter point. , Thesis (PHD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-01
A study of rural self-help groups in the context of government-assisted community development: the case of Peddie, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
- Pakade-Yokwana, Nozuko zandiswa Gloria
- Authors: Pakade-Yokwana, Nozuko zandiswa Gloria
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Community development http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85029215 , Rural development http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85115899
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19616 , vital:43152
- Description: This study was conducted against the backdrop of growing scholarly interest in the epistemic divide between formal, institutionalised knowledge, which guide government interventions in rural community development, and local knowledge, upon which rural communities construct their social existence. The study sought to understand why, despite their resilience and cultural embeddedness in South Africa's rural communities, indigenous self-help groups (SHGs) - as a particular form of indigenous rationality - remained on the periphery of contemporary community development interventions. The study was conducted in the communities of Dabhana, Feni and Mgwanlana in Peddie (Ngqushwa Local Municipality), Eastern Cape. Three SHG variants were eselected: a funeral group (Masingcwabane), an HIV and AIDS support groups, and a financial mutual (mgalelo) – all in the context of government-assisted community development. Empirical data was collected using a mini-survey, focus group discussion, in-depth interviews and key informant interviews. The findings revealed that SHGs were a collective model of indigenous knowledge and social interaction, driven by the belief that through 'sharing', 'reciprocity' and 'collectivism', what would ordinarily be a heavy burden for individuals became 'lighter'. Furthermore, while the institutional framework for community development mandated collaboration between government and SHGs, this framework created a stiff, bureaucratic canvass that alienated SHGs and stifled their operations. The study also found that partnership between the government and SHGs was characterised by fear and distrust on the part of government, and reluctance on the part of SHGs. Government's distrust was premised on the "informality" and "traditionality" of SHGs, and the fear that any investment in SHGs would go to waste. On the other hand, SHGs' reluctance to make themselves amenable to partnership with government seemed like a reaction to a "faulty, culturally insensitive" institutional framework which "delegitimised" grassroots development impulses. The study concluded that there existed in the rural community development arena an epistemic, ideational and practical chasm between government-driven development praxis and age-old indigenous initiatives, and that while the weaknesses of each knowledge domain were accentuated through this divide, development would continue to elude the grassroots communities unless the two knowledge domains interacted with, and leveraged, each other. , Thesis (PhD) (Sociology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2018
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Pakade-Yokwana, Nozuko zandiswa Gloria
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Community development http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85029215 , Rural development http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85115899
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19616 , vital:43152
- Description: This study was conducted against the backdrop of growing scholarly interest in the epistemic divide between formal, institutionalised knowledge, which guide government interventions in rural community development, and local knowledge, upon which rural communities construct their social existence. The study sought to understand why, despite their resilience and cultural embeddedness in South Africa's rural communities, indigenous self-help groups (SHGs) - as a particular form of indigenous rationality - remained on the periphery of contemporary community development interventions. The study was conducted in the communities of Dabhana, Feni and Mgwanlana in Peddie (Ngqushwa Local Municipality), Eastern Cape. Three SHG variants were eselected: a funeral group (Masingcwabane), an HIV and AIDS support groups, and a financial mutual (mgalelo) – all in the context of government-assisted community development. Empirical data was collected using a mini-survey, focus group discussion, in-depth interviews and key informant interviews. The findings revealed that SHGs were a collective model of indigenous knowledge and social interaction, driven by the belief that through 'sharing', 'reciprocity' and 'collectivism', what would ordinarily be a heavy burden for individuals became 'lighter'. Furthermore, while the institutional framework for community development mandated collaboration between government and SHGs, this framework created a stiff, bureaucratic canvass that alienated SHGs and stifled their operations. The study also found that partnership between the government and SHGs was characterised by fear and distrust on the part of government, and reluctance on the part of SHGs. Government's distrust was premised on the "informality" and "traditionality" of SHGs, and the fear that any investment in SHGs would go to waste. On the other hand, SHGs' reluctance to make themselves amenable to partnership with government seemed like a reaction to a "faulty, culturally insensitive" institutional framework which "delegitimised" grassroots development impulses. The study concluded that there existed in the rural community development arena an epistemic, ideational and practical chasm between government-driven development praxis and age-old indigenous initiatives, and that while the weaknesses of each knowledge domain were accentuated through this divide, development would continue to elude the grassroots communities unless the two knowledge domains interacted with, and leveraged, each other. , Thesis (PhD) (Sociology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2018
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
On the design, evaluation and performance of an energy efficient solar house with integrated photovoltaics
- Authors: Ziuku, Sosten
- Date: 2011-06
- Subjects: Solar energy , Solar energy -- Environmental aspects , Photovoltaic power generation
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27473 , vital:67331
- Description: The design, construction and performance monitoring of an energy efficient house with integrated photovoltaics is considered. Unlike conventional housing, the house design combines energy efficiency measures and renewable energy technologies into one building structure. The objective of the study was to investigate the feasibility of using energy efficient solar designs to regulate indoor thermal environment, and determine thecost effectiveness and environmental benefits of such housing designs. The use of ordinary photovoltaic panels as a building element for South Africa’s latitude and meteorological conditions was also investigated. The house model was designed using Autodesk Revit architecture and Ecotect building simulation software. Electrical performance was analyzed using RETScreen and PVDesignPRO software. In addition to passive solar design features and clerestory windows, the design has solar water heaters for hot water supply. The designed energy efficient building integrated photovoltaic (EEBIPV) house was built at the University of Fort Hare. A 3.8 kW BIPV generator was mounted on the north facing roof in such a way that the solar panels replace conventional roofing material. A data acquisition system that monitors thermal and electrical performance was installed. The grid independent house has been occupied since February 2009 and its winter indoor thermal efficiency improved from 70 to more than 78% after ceiling installation. Models for indoor thermal performance and BIPV energy and exergy contributions were developed. The avoided energy consumption from the grid has potential to reduce carbon emissions by 12.41 tons per annum. The total building cost per m2 of floor area compares favourably with the cost of commercial middle-to-upper income domestic housing units without energy efficiency measures and building integrated photovoltaics. The research output provides a good framework for the integration of passive solar designs, natural ventilation and lighting, solar water heaters and building integrated photovoltaics into new and existing housing units. , Thesis (MSci) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-06
- Authors: Ziuku, Sosten
- Date: 2011-06
- Subjects: Solar energy , Solar energy -- Environmental aspects , Photovoltaic power generation
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27473 , vital:67331
- Description: The design, construction and performance monitoring of an energy efficient house with integrated photovoltaics is considered. Unlike conventional housing, the house design combines energy efficiency measures and renewable energy technologies into one building structure. The objective of the study was to investigate the feasibility of using energy efficient solar designs to regulate indoor thermal environment, and determine thecost effectiveness and environmental benefits of such housing designs. The use of ordinary photovoltaic panels as a building element for South Africa’s latitude and meteorological conditions was also investigated. The house model was designed using Autodesk Revit architecture and Ecotect building simulation software. Electrical performance was analyzed using RETScreen and PVDesignPRO software. In addition to passive solar design features and clerestory windows, the design has solar water heaters for hot water supply. The designed energy efficient building integrated photovoltaic (EEBIPV) house was built at the University of Fort Hare. A 3.8 kW BIPV generator was mounted on the north facing roof in such a way that the solar panels replace conventional roofing material. A data acquisition system that monitors thermal and electrical performance was installed. The grid independent house has been occupied since February 2009 and its winter indoor thermal efficiency improved from 70 to more than 78% after ceiling installation. Models for indoor thermal performance and BIPV energy and exergy contributions were developed. The avoided energy consumption from the grid has potential to reduce carbon emissions by 12.41 tons per annum. The total building cost per m2 of floor area compares favourably with the cost of commercial middle-to-upper income domestic housing units without energy efficiency measures and building integrated photovoltaics. The research output provides a good framework for the integration of passive solar designs, natural ventilation and lighting, solar water heaters and building integrated photovoltaics into new and existing housing units. , Thesis (MSci) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-06
Social policy and the state in South Africa: pathways for human capability development
- Monyai, Priscilla B. (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0139-0939)
- Authors: Monyai, Priscilla B. (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0139-0939)
- Date: 2011-08
- Subjects: Social Policy , Human Capital , Apartheid
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24059 , vital:62334
- Description: The main focus of this thesis is the challenges that are facing social policy development and implementation in South Africa in relation to the enhancement of human capability. The study adopted a historical approach to assess the model of social policy in South Africa and identified that social relations of domination inherited from the apartheid era continuing to produce inequalities in opportunities. Social policy under the democratic government has not managed to address social inequalities and the main drivers of poverty in the form of income poverty, asset poverty and capability poverty which are the underlying factors reproducing deprivation and destitution of the majority of the population. Although South Africa prides itself of a stable democracy, social inequalities continue to undermine the benefits of social citizenship because political participation in the midst of unequal access to economic and social resources undermine the value of citizenship. Also, inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth, and in the control of economic production undermine political equality which is an ethic upon which social rights are predicated. As a result, state interventions are lacking inherent potential to build human capability for people to live the life that they have reason to value. The paradox of social policy in South Africa is that the majority of those who are marginalised are those who were excluded by the apartheid regime even though state intervention is claimed to be targeting them. This points to the failure of incremental equalisation of opportunities within a context of stark social inequities. It is also an indication that the economic growth path delivered by the political. , Thesis (Doctoral) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-08
- Authors: Monyai, Priscilla B. (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0139-0939)
- Date: 2011-08
- Subjects: Social Policy , Human Capital , Apartheid
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24059 , vital:62334
- Description: The main focus of this thesis is the challenges that are facing social policy development and implementation in South Africa in relation to the enhancement of human capability. The study adopted a historical approach to assess the model of social policy in South Africa and identified that social relations of domination inherited from the apartheid era continuing to produce inequalities in opportunities. Social policy under the democratic government has not managed to address social inequalities and the main drivers of poverty in the form of income poverty, asset poverty and capability poverty which are the underlying factors reproducing deprivation and destitution of the majority of the population. Although South Africa prides itself of a stable democracy, social inequalities continue to undermine the benefits of social citizenship because political participation in the midst of unequal access to economic and social resources undermine the value of citizenship. Also, inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth, and in the control of economic production undermine political equality which is an ethic upon which social rights are predicated. As a result, state interventions are lacking inherent potential to build human capability for people to live the life that they have reason to value. The paradox of social policy in South Africa is that the majority of those who are marginalised are those who were excluded by the apartheid regime even though state intervention is claimed to be targeting them. This points to the failure of incremental equalisation of opportunities within a context of stark social inequities. It is also an indication that the economic growth path delivered by the political. , Thesis (Doctoral) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-08
Medicinal properties of Moringa (Moringa Oleifera Lam) leaves and the effect of its use as a supplement on goat growth performance and meat characteristics
- Moyo, Busani https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7002-7266
- Authors: Moyo, Busani https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7002-7266
- Date: 2011-09
- Subjects: Moringa , Medicinal plants
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24376 , vital:62662
- Description: The main objective of the study was to determine if feeding goats with Moringa oleifera leaves would lead to an increase in productivity and in value of the meat. The proximate, van Soet, atomic absorption spectrophotometric and soxhlet extraction methods were used to determine the nutritional value M. oleifera leaves of the South African. The in-vitro antimicrobial screening methods were used to determine antimicrobial activities M. oleifera extracts while in vitro and invivo models were used to determine the antioxidant activities of M. oleifera leaves. An evaluation of the potential of M. oleifera leaf meal as a feed supplement in terms of its effect on helminth load, goat growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality attributes, nutritional and consumer sensory characteristics of goat meat was done. A total of 24, eight month old goats were randomly allocated to dietary treatments of M. oleifera leaf meal (MOL), sunflower seed cake (SC) and GH (grass hay) which was the control. All the groups were fed on basal diet of grass hay ad libitum and 200g wheat bran per head per day. The MOL group was given an additional 200 g of dried M. oleifera leaves while the SC group was offered 170 g sunflower seed cake per head/day. The study showed that the dried leaves had crude protein levels of 30.3 percent, polyunsaturated fatty acids (52.21 percent), Saturated fatty acids (43.31), n-3 (44.57 percent), n-6 (7.64 percent), 19 amino acids, vitamin E (77 mg/100 g) and Beta-carotene (18.5 mg/100 g). The M. oleifera leaf extracts showed antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloace, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus kristinae. The supplementation of goats with MOL and SC resulted in decreased feacal larval count and lower Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriforms and Oesophagastum columbianum worm burdens than those in the non-supplemented goats. Goats supplemented with SC and MOL had higher average daily weight gain and heavier carcasses than those in the GH group. Higher pH1 scores were observed in chevon from GH diet than the supplemented ones. The MOL and SC supplemented goats had chevon with higher values for lightness (L*) 24 hr post-mortem than the one from the GH group. The redness (a*) values of chevon 24 hr post mortem was highest in MOL supplemented goats. Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF) values of SC (30.1 N) and MOL (29.8 N) supplemented goats were lower than those from GH diet (32.6 N). Chevon from goats fed GH diet had significantly higher cooking losses (29.5 percent) than that from MOL (25.4 percent) and SC (25.6 percent) fed groups. It was observed that chevon from MOL and SC supplemented groups had higher crude protein (23.57 and 22.95 percent, respectively) than the one from the GH group (21.20 percent). Cholesterol levels were higher in chevon from SC (42.84) supplemented goats than those from MOL (38.76) and GH (35.63 mg). Chevon from GH and MOL group had higher (P < 0.05) proportions of PUFA, n-3, PUFA/SFA ratio and lower n-6/n-3 ratio. Mean consumer scores for first bite, aroma, flavour and juiceness were higher in the MOL group than in the GH group (P < 0.05). The acetone extract exhibited higher concentrations of total flavonoids, flavonols, phenolics. The acetone extracts depicted higher percentage inhibition against DPPH, ABTS and nitric oxide radicals which were comparable with reference antioxidant (vitamin C and BHT). The M. oleifera leaf meal increased the antioxidant activity of GSH, SOD and catalase. Moringa oleifera leaves also exhibited medicinal properties by having anthelmintic, antibacterial activities and showed antioxidant properties. It was also observed that protein supplementation improved the animal growth performance, the physico-chemical characteristics, nutritional and fatty acids composition of meat hence meeting the consumer needs. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-09
- Authors: Moyo, Busani https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7002-7266
- Date: 2011-09
- Subjects: Moringa , Medicinal plants
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24376 , vital:62662
- Description: The main objective of the study was to determine if feeding goats with Moringa oleifera leaves would lead to an increase in productivity and in value of the meat. The proximate, van Soet, atomic absorption spectrophotometric and soxhlet extraction methods were used to determine the nutritional value M. oleifera leaves of the South African. The in-vitro antimicrobial screening methods were used to determine antimicrobial activities M. oleifera extracts while in vitro and invivo models were used to determine the antioxidant activities of M. oleifera leaves. An evaluation of the potential of M. oleifera leaf meal as a feed supplement in terms of its effect on helminth load, goat growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality attributes, nutritional and consumer sensory characteristics of goat meat was done. A total of 24, eight month old goats were randomly allocated to dietary treatments of M. oleifera leaf meal (MOL), sunflower seed cake (SC) and GH (grass hay) which was the control. All the groups were fed on basal diet of grass hay ad libitum and 200g wheat bran per head per day. The MOL group was given an additional 200 g of dried M. oleifera leaves while the SC group was offered 170 g sunflower seed cake per head/day. The study showed that the dried leaves had crude protein levels of 30.3 percent, polyunsaturated fatty acids (52.21 percent), Saturated fatty acids (43.31), n-3 (44.57 percent), n-6 (7.64 percent), 19 amino acids, vitamin E (77 mg/100 g) and Beta-carotene (18.5 mg/100 g). The M. oleifera leaf extracts showed antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloace, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus kristinae. The supplementation of goats with MOL and SC resulted in decreased feacal larval count and lower Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriforms and Oesophagastum columbianum worm burdens than those in the non-supplemented goats. Goats supplemented with SC and MOL had higher average daily weight gain and heavier carcasses than those in the GH group. Higher pH1 scores were observed in chevon from GH diet than the supplemented ones. The MOL and SC supplemented goats had chevon with higher values for lightness (L*) 24 hr post-mortem than the one from the GH group. The redness (a*) values of chevon 24 hr post mortem was highest in MOL supplemented goats. Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF) values of SC (30.1 N) and MOL (29.8 N) supplemented goats were lower than those from GH diet (32.6 N). Chevon from goats fed GH diet had significantly higher cooking losses (29.5 percent) than that from MOL (25.4 percent) and SC (25.6 percent) fed groups. It was observed that chevon from MOL and SC supplemented groups had higher crude protein (23.57 and 22.95 percent, respectively) than the one from the GH group (21.20 percent). Cholesterol levels were higher in chevon from SC (42.84) supplemented goats than those from MOL (38.76) and GH (35.63 mg). Chevon from GH and MOL group had higher (P < 0.05) proportions of PUFA, n-3, PUFA/SFA ratio and lower n-6/n-3 ratio. Mean consumer scores for first bite, aroma, flavour and juiceness were higher in the MOL group than in the GH group (P < 0.05). The acetone extract exhibited higher concentrations of total flavonoids, flavonols, phenolics. The acetone extracts depicted higher percentage inhibition against DPPH, ABTS and nitric oxide radicals which were comparable with reference antioxidant (vitamin C and BHT). The M. oleifera leaf meal increased the antioxidant activity of GSH, SOD and catalase. Moringa oleifera leaves also exhibited medicinal properties by having anthelmintic, antibacterial activities and showed antioxidant properties. It was also observed that protein supplementation improved the animal growth performance, the physico-chemical characteristics, nutritional and fatty acids composition of meat hence meeting the consumer needs. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-09
The string vibrator experiment-experimental and analytical determination of system fundamental natural frequencies
- Authors: Gordon, Mark Leonard
- Date: 2011-11
- Subjects: Vibration , Nonlinear oscillations , Waves
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24002 , vital:62245
- Description: This thesis represents an experimental and intellectual journey of more than three years. The String Vibrator Experiment (SVE) is an experimental payload on the SumbandilaSat, satellite. The experiment was initially designed to compare low-earthorbitstretched string nonlinear dynamics with those found terrestrially, with particular emphasis on the effects of micro-gravity and near vacuum. Due to the damage of some internal components of the SVE, the terrestrial experiment had to be characterized by finding both transverse fundamental natural frequencies and the longitudinal system fundamental natural frequency. Forced and free vibration tests were performed on the SVE, with comparable results. The percentage frequency difference between measurement results obtained for the said natural frequencies was found to be acceptable. An analytical model for the string longitudinal system was developed using Energy Methods, assuming linear coupling of the stretched string and the flexible support. Bessel Functions were used to find the natural frequency of the flexible support, which is made of a thin-circular plate loaded centrally by the stretched string and fixed on its outer boundary. The natural frequency thus predicted, corresponds closely with that measured by Laser Doppler Vibrometry. It was found that the longitudinal system behaves in an uncoupled, manner. In this study use was made of piezo bi-morph sensors as vibration measuring devices, with promising results. A method called the peak amplitude discrimination method is introduced to find the respective resonant frequencies; this method is an adaptation of the sweptsine frequency method Nonlinear behavior of the SVE was found to exist exhibiting Sub-harmonics, Super-harmonics, Combination harmonics and Internal Resonances. It is hoped that the experimental methods used in this study would aid in the measurement and analysis of longitudinal vibrations found in flexible cables, rods and rigid bars. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-11
- Authors: Gordon, Mark Leonard
- Date: 2011-11
- Subjects: Vibration , Nonlinear oscillations , Waves
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24002 , vital:62245
- Description: This thesis represents an experimental and intellectual journey of more than three years. The String Vibrator Experiment (SVE) is an experimental payload on the SumbandilaSat, satellite. The experiment was initially designed to compare low-earthorbitstretched string nonlinear dynamics with those found terrestrially, with particular emphasis on the effects of micro-gravity and near vacuum. Due to the damage of some internal components of the SVE, the terrestrial experiment had to be characterized by finding both transverse fundamental natural frequencies and the longitudinal system fundamental natural frequency. Forced and free vibration tests were performed on the SVE, with comparable results. The percentage frequency difference between measurement results obtained for the said natural frequencies was found to be acceptable. An analytical model for the string longitudinal system was developed using Energy Methods, assuming linear coupling of the stretched string and the flexible support. Bessel Functions were used to find the natural frequency of the flexible support, which is made of a thin-circular plate loaded centrally by the stretched string and fixed on its outer boundary. The natural frequency thus predicted, corresponds closely with that measured by Laser Doppler Vibrometry. It was found that the longitudinal system behaves in an uncoupled, manner. In this study use was made of piezo bi-morph sensors as vibration measuring devices, with promising results. A method called the peak amplitude discrimination method is introduced to find the respective resonant frequencies; this method is an adaptation of the sweptsine frequency method Nonlinear behavior of the SVE was found to exist exhibiting Sub-harmonics, Super-harmonics, Combination harmonics and Internal Resonances. It is hoped that the experimental methods used in this study would aid in the measurement and analysis of longitudinal vibrations found in flexible cables, rods and rigid bars. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-11
A participatory communication approach of a rural cattle project: : a case study of Nguni cattle project in the Eastern Cape, South Africa.
- Usadolo, Sam Erevbenagie (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6291-7680)
- Authors: Usadolo, Sam Erevbenagie (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6291-7680)
- Date: 2011-12
- Subjects: Communication in Community Development , Community Development , Nguni Cattle
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24076 , vital:62339
- Description: This study examined the participatory communication practices of a rural cattle project. It did this by reviewing relevant literature in development communication. The review done showed that literature is replete with arguments critical of the dominant paradigm due to its top-down nature of communication. Scholars critical of dominant paradigm argue that participatory communication should be given a prominent role to ensure that stakeholders work in concert to realise the stated objectives of their development project. The study highlighted many contentious issues surrounding the nature and practices of participatory communication. It pointed out that the issues have played themselves out in literature in the form of different typologies of participatory practices, which were dealt with extensively in this study. The discussion of participatory communication in literature is also mindful of different models of communication and the space they occupy in participatory communication practices. In this study, there was a discussion of transactional communication models as depicted by Nair and White (1993:52) and Steinberg (1997:19). Both scholars emphasise that participatory communication will not achieve its stated purpose without mutual agreement of the parties in communication. They equally stress the recognition of the possible effects of some contextual factors which may have bearing on the prevailing nature of communication. A review of different communication tools used by participatory development communicator was given in the study. These different communication tools were discussed in view of how these tools can be used to advance participatory practice in a development project, especially with reference to the project examined in this study. Using qualitative research method, different and appropriate interview methods such as semi-structured, focus group and post-survey interviews were used to collect data from the respondents in this study. The analysis and discussion of the data revealed that different challenges on the ground could affect participatory communication practices in a development project. With regard to the project examined in this study, the analysis showed that there is a weak stakeholder relationship, especially stakeholders identified in this study as field officers. The study highlighted that stakeholders such as the agricultural extension officers and animal health technicians are not very active in the implementation process of the project. Some of the reasons pointed out is the fact that the secondary stakeholder such as the Provincial Department of Agricultural (PDoA) to which these field officers belong is not playing active role in ensuring that they complement the efforts of other field officers such as the IDC representatives. The second reason is the fact that the participatory focus of the project was not properly communicated to the beneficiaries. This also transpired in their inability to reflect participatory practice in their relationship with the beneficiaries and other stakeholders of the project. Other challenges, among others, as pointed out in the analysis showed that participatory communication practice requires expert personnel to be successful. In the case of the project examined, apart from the fact that there is shortage of manpower to handle the challenges mentioned in the study, there is no communication expert among the few active personnel in the field. The findings of this study showed that there was no clear role and identification of responsibilities let alone coordination of all actors involved in the project. Through the selected case study, this study has not only provided avenue to explore both theoretically and practically participatory communication, but has added to participatory communication discourse that there is no easy answer to challenges field officers encounter in practice. This is the reason the different participatory practices characterising nature of the project this study has investigated was given. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-12
- Authors: Usadolo, Sam Erevbenagie (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6291-7680)
- Date: 2011-12
- Subjects: Communication in Community Development , Community Development , Nguni Cattle
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24076 , vital:62339
- Description: This study examined the participatory communication practices of a rural cattle project. It did this by reviewing relevant literature in development communication. The review done showed that literature is replete with arguments critical of the dominant paradigm due to its top-down nature of communication. Scholars critical of dominant paradigm argue that participatory communication should be given a prominent role to ensure that stakeholders work in concert to realise the stated objectives of their development project. The study highlighted many contentious issues surrounding the nature and practices of participatory communication. It pointed out that the issues have played themselves out in literature in the form of different typologies of participatory practices, which were dealt with extensively in this study. The discussion of participatory communication in literature is also mindful of different models of communication and the space they occupy in participatory communication practices. In this study, there was a discussion of transactional communication models as depicted by Nair and White (1993:52) and Steinberg (1997:19). Both scholars emphasise that participatory communication will not achieve its stated purpose without mutual agreement of the parties in communication. They equally stress the recognition of the possible effects of some contextual factors which may have bearing on the prevailing nature of communication. A review of different communication tools used by participatory development communicator was given in the study. These different communication tools were discussed in view of how these tools can be used to advance participatory practice in a development project, especially with reference to the project examined in this study. Using qualitative research method, different and appropriate interview methods such as semi-structured, focus group and post-survey interviews were used to collect data from the respondents in this study. The analysis and discussion of the data revealed that different challenges on the ground could affect participatory communication practices in a development project. With regard to the project examined in this study, the analysis showed that there is a weak stakeholder relationship, especially stakeholders identified in this study as field officers. The study highlighted that stakeholders such as the agricultural extension officers and animal health technicians are not very active in the implementation process of the project. Some of the reasons pointed out is the fact that the secondary stakeholder such as the Provincial Department of Agricultural (PDoA) to which these field officers belong is not playing active role in ensuring that they complement the efforts of other field officers such as the IDC representatives. The second reason is the fact that the participatory focus of the project was not properly communicated to the beneficiaries. This also transpired in their inability to reflect participatory practice in their relationship with the beneficiaries and other stakeholders of the project. Other challenges, among others, as pointed out in the analysis showed that participatory communication practice requires expert personnel to be successful. In the case of the project examined, apart from the fact that there is shortage of manpower to handle the challenges mentioned in the study, there is no communication expert among the few active personnel in the field. The findings of this study showed that there was no clear role and identification of responsibilities let alone coordination of all actors involved in the project. Through the selected case study, this study has not only provided avenue to explore both theoretically and practically participatory communication, but has added to participatory communication discourse that there is no easy answer to challenges field officers encounter in practice. This is the reason the different participatory practices characterising nature of the project this study has investigated was given. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-12
Characterisation of communal rangeland degradation and evaluation of vegetation restoration techniques in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Lesoli, 'Mota Samuel
- Date: 2011-12
- Subjects: Communal rangelands , Grazing
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24316 , vital:62624
- Description: This study assessed the social factors influencing poor communal rangeland management, which are assumed to result in rangeland degradation. This was followed by, examination of biophysical characteristics of rangeland degradation in communal areas. To relate social factors featuring in communal rangeland management with rangeland degradation, biophysical factors influencing livestock grazing distribution patterns were studied. To establish the solution to communal rangeland degradation, rangeland restoration techniques were evaluated. The study was conducted at Amakhuze Tribal Authority (ATA) (S32o 38´, E26o56, 763 - 1500 m.a.s.l) composed of six villages and Phandulwazi Agricultural High School (S32o 39´ and E26o 55´, 747 m.a.s.l). Focus group discussions were conducted in six villages and questionnaire surveys in four randomly selected villages to assess social factors influencing communal rangeland degradation. Communal rangeland degradation biophysical characteristics were assessed. Biophysical factors affecting livestock grazing distribution pattern were examined through direct field observations for 12 months. Restoration techniques were evaluated on 26 plots. The social factors influencing communal rangeland management include lack of skills on rangeland management for farmers, lack of individual/community obligation on grazing management, lack of effective policies and/or poor enforcement accompanied by lack of effective institutions governing rangeland utilisation and management. Communal rangelands were more (χ 2 = 2612.07, df = 26, p < 0.01) degraded compared with controlled grazing areas. Within the communal rangelands, land degradation was higher at the low-lying areas, compared to foothills, midslopes, and mountaintop (crest). Rangeland degradation in communal areas was characterised by poor forage productivity and poor vegetation cover , higher soil unconfined compressive strength (UCS) (4.5 kg/cm2) with low hydraulic conductivity (5.21 x 10-3) and physical soil loss characteristics such presence of terracettes, pedestals, rills and gullies. Grazing distribution was higher at valley bottom (r2 = 0.404, p < 0.001), low altitude (r2 = -0.007, p < 0.001), closer to water points (r2 = -0.001, p < 0.001), and on grassland vegetation (r2 = 0.620, p < 0.001). Introduction of seedlings with microcatchment combined with brushpack promoted (p < 0.05) higher number of tillers (13), leaves (42) and reduced seedling mortality (10.4percent). T. triandra produced higher (p < 0.05) number of tillers (12) and leaves (39) but low number of inflorescence (0.7) with higher mortality rates (25.3percent) compared to P. dilatatum. Where plant propagules were introduced as seeds, use of microcatchment promoted higher seed germination (F = 38.84, p < 0.05) and maintained higher plant density (F = 37.43, p < 0.05). E. curvula seeds attained higher germination rate and maintained higher plant density compared to D. eriantha and P. Maximum. Use of microcatchment, brushpack, and water spreading system promoted soil water retention. It is important that any interventions aimed at improving communal rangeland management, controlling rangeland degradation in the communal areas, or restoring degraded rangelands to consider the social factors driving rangeland management and biophysical factors influencing grazing distribution pattern. Rangeland restoration techniques for communal areas should be centred on their ability to collect and retain water to promote restoration performance of introduced plant propagules. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-12
- Authors: Lesoli, 'Mota Samuel
- Date: 2011-12
- Subjects: Communal rangelands , Grazing
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24316 , vital:62624
- Description: This study assessed the social factors influencing poor communal rangeland management, which are assumed to result in rangeland degradation. This was followed by, examination of biophysical characteristics of rangeland degradation in communal areas. To relate social factors featuring in communal rangeland management with rangeland degradation, biophysical factors influencing livestock grazing distribution patterns were studied. To establish the solution to communal rangeland degradation, rangeland restoration techniques were evaluated. The study was conducted at Amakhuze Tribal Authority (ATA) (S32o 38´, E26o56, 763 - 1500 m.a.s.l) composed of six villages and Phandulwazi Agricultural High School (S32o 39´ and E26o 55´, 747 m.a.s.l). Focus group discussions were conducted in six villages and questionnaire surveys in four randomly selected villages to assess social factors influencing communal rangeland degradation. Communal rangeland degradation biophysical characteristics were assessed. Biophysical factors affecting livestock grazing distribution pattern were examined through direct field observations for 12 months. Restoration techniques were evaluated on 26 plots. The social factors influencing communal rangeland management include lack of skills on rangeland management for farmers, lack of individual/community obligation on grazing management, lack of effective policies and/or poor enforcement accompanied by lack of effective institutions governing rangeland utilisation and management. Communal rangelands were more (χ 2 = 2612.07, df = 26, p < 0.01) degraded compared with controlled grazing areas. Within the communal rangelands, land degradation was higher at the low-lying areas, compared to foothills, midslopes, and mountaintop (crest). Rangeland degradation in communal areas was characterised by poor forage productivity and poor vegetation cover , higher soil unconfined compressive strength (UCS) (4.5 kg/cm2) with low hydraulic conductivity (5.21 x 10-3) and physical soil loss characteristics such presence of terracettes, pedestals, rills and gullies. Grazing distribution was higher at valley bottom (r2 = 0.404, p < 0.001), low altitude (r2 = -0.007, p < 0.001), closer to water points (r2 = -0.001, p < 0.001), and on grassland vegetation (r2 = 0.620, p < 0.001). Introduction of seedlings with microcatchment combined with brushpack promoted (p < 0.05) higher number of tillers (13), leaves (42) and reduced seedling mortality (10.4percent). T. triandra produced higher (p < 0.05) number of tillers (12) and leaves (39) but low number of inflorescence (0.7) with higher mortality rates (25.3percent) compared to P. dilatatum. Where plant propagules were introduced as seeds, use of microcatchment promoted higher seed germination (F = 38.84, p < 0.05) and maintained higher plant density (F = 37.43, p < 0.05). E. curvula seeds attained higher germination rate and maintained higher plant density compared to D. eriantha and P. Maximum. Use of microcatchment, brushpack, and water spreading system promoted soil water retention. It is important that any interventions aimed at improving communal rangeland management, controlling rangeland degradation in the communal areas, or restoring degraded rangelands to consider the social factors driving rangeland management and biophysical factors influencing grazing distribution pattern. Rangeland restoration techniques for communal areas should be centred on their ability to collect and retain water to promote restoration performance of introduced plant propagules. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2011
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-12