The effect of rural development projects on food security and malnutrition
- Authors: Xipu, Ncedisa Tandile
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Rural development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Food security -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Food supply -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Eastern Cape (South Africa) -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13447 , vital:27195
- Description: The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of rural development projects on food insecurity and malnutrition at Siyazama food garden project in Sakhisizwe Municipality. The study followed a qualitative approach which included in-depth interviews of twenty-six (26) Siyazama food garden project members and four (4) municipal officials. The process of collecting data also made use of observations. Data was analyzed qualitatively, using thematic analysis of the content of the data, which employed an interpretative approach, resulting in a presentation of data, which is textual rather than statistical. The study found that the level of food insecurity and malnutrition in the studied area is still regarded as being high as most of the participants reported that they still have a problem in accessing all the vital nutritional elements which constitute a balanced diet. Also, the study also found that although most of the rural development projects like the Siyazama food gardening project have a profound effect in tackling food insecurity and malnutrition on household level, in South Africa there is a debate about the sustainability or such projects in solving this issue. The study found a number of challenges facing the Siyazama Food gardening project which include: theft, poor management, lack of support, lack of agricultural expertise and conflict amongst members. The study concluded by making some recommendations with to view of resolving the above mentioned challenges.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Xipu, Ncedisa Tandile
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Rural development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Food security -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Food supply -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Eastern Cape (South Africa) -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13447 , vital:27195
- Description: The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of rural development projects on food insecurity and malnutrition at Siyazama food garden project in Sakhisizwe Municipality. The study followed a qualitative approach which included in-depth interviews of twenty-six (26) Siyazama food garden project members and four (4) municipal officials. The process of collecting data also made use of observations. Data was analyzed qualitatively, using thematic analysis of the content of the data, which employed an interpretative approach, resulting in a presentation of data, which is textual rather than statistical. The study found that the level of food insecurity and malnutrition in the studied area is still regarded as being high as most of the participants reported that they still have a problem in accessing all the vital nutritional elements which constitute a balanced diet. Also, the study also found that although most of the rural development projects like the Siyazama food gardening project have a profound effect in tackling food insecurity and malnutrition on household level, in South Africa there is a debate about the sustainability or such projects in solving this issue. The study found a number of challenges facing the Siyazama Food gardening project which include: theft, poor management, lack of support, lack of agricultural expertise and conflict amongst members. The study concluded by making some recommendations with to view of resolving the above mentioned challenges.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The effect of synthetically-derived xanthone compounds on the suppression of the progression of breast cancer and the associated complications
- Authors: Davison, Candace
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Breast -- Cancer -- Chemotherapy Breast -- Cancer -- Prevention , Antibacterial agents -- Therapeutic use
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13889 , vital:27354
- Description: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide.A treatment regime, both effective and safe and can only be achieved once more effective chemotherapeutic agents are discovered or identified. These “drugs” must selectively induce cell death such as apoptosis or necroptosis in the cancer cells. Apoptotic cell death allows a cell to “commit suicide” in genetically- controlled or programmed mechanism(s). The microenvironment of the tumour is important since a nurturing malignant environment is required for tumour maintenance, progression and ultimately the development of metastasis. Due to the correlation of the tumour microenvironment to aggressive tumour progression, emphasis should be placed on the constituents of the tumour’s microenvironment. In recent years, the understanding of intracellular pathways in cancer cells has increased rapidly, contributing to the development of drugs with more specific targets such as growth factors, signalling molecules, cell adhesion proteins, proteases, cell-cycle proteins, modulators of apoptosis and molecules that promote angiogenesis and metastasis. The main aim of this study was thus to identify a few potential or active compounds from a library of synthetically-derived compounds as possible alternative breast cancer treatment candidates.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Davison, Candace
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Breast -- Cancer -- Chemotherapy Breast -- Cancer -- Prevention , Antibacterial agents -- Therapeutic use
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13889 , vital:27354
- Description: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide.A treatment regime, both effective and safe and can only be achieved once more effective chemotherapeutic agents are discovered or identified. These “drugs” must selectively induce cell death such as apoptosis or necroptosis in the cancer cells. Apoptotic cell death allows a cell to “commit suicide” in genetically- controlled or programmed mechanism(s). The microenvironment of the tumour is important since a nurturing malignant environment is required for tumour maintenance, progression and ultimately the development of metastasis. Due to the correlation of the tumour microenvironment to aggressive tumour progression, emphasis should be placed on the constituents of the tumour’s microenvironment. In recent years, the understanding of intracellular pathways in cancer cells has increased rapidly, contributing to the development of drugs with more specific targets such as growth factors, signalling molecules, cell adhesion proteins, proteases, cell-cycle proteins, modulators of apoptosis and molecules that promote angiogenesis and metastasis. The main aim of this study was thus to identify a few potential or active compounds from a library of synthetically-derived compounds as possible alternative breast cancer treatment candidates.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The effect of using a six brick Duplo block guided play approach on pre-school learners’ visual perceptual abilities
- Authors: Jemutai, Sarah
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Teaching -- Aids and devices , Early childhood education -- South Africa Early childhood education -- Kenya Education, Preschool -- South Africa Education, Preschool -- Kenya
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17724 , vital:28442
- Description: This study investigated the possible effects that the use of guided play using the 6 Brick Duplo Block approach might have in terms of the development of aspects of visual perception in pre-literate 5-7year old children. An explanatory sequential mixed-method design was employed. Seventy-seven Grade R learners in two schools, one in the Republic of South Africa and the other in the Republic of Kenya, comprised the purposive convenience sample. Quantitative pre- and post-intervention data were generated using the Visual Perception Aspects Test (VPAT) and analysed using Excel functions to generate descriptive and inferential statistics. The pre-test mean score in the Kenyan school was statistically and practically significantly lower than the South African pre-test mean score. This difference was attributed to the amount and type of play that took place in the natural settings of these schools prior to the intervention and the nature and amount of play material available in each. The largest improvements from the pre- to post-tests occurred in the South African and Kenyan experimental groups and the difference between them dropped from the 99% level of confidence in the pre-test to the 95% level of confidence in the post-test. These findings suggest that using the 6 Brick Duplo Block approach may accelerate the development of aspects of visual discrimination in pre-literate 5-7-year-old children and that the approach may be most effective when used with children who have had little previous exposure to guided play at school. Qualitative data were obtained through open-ended classroom observations and semi-structured teacher interviews with the experimental group class teachers. Classroom observation revealed that the learners were enthusiastic about the guided play and the semi-structured interviews revealed that they realise the importance of using guided play for developing the visual skills necessary for reading, writing and numeracy. The overall findings of this study suggest that the development of aspects of visual perception were accelerated in the study sample of pre-literate Grade R learners when their teachers facilitated guided play using the 6 Brick Duplo Block approach. Recommendations are made that curriculum developers, early childhood advisors and teachers should be made aware of the potential of using guided play and reconsider the Piaget‟s stages of cognitive development to design appropriate instructional materials that promote learners‟ visual perceptual growth and development.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Jemutai, Sarah
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Teaching -- Aids and devices , Early childhood education -- South Africa Early childhood education -- Kenya Education, Preschool -- South Africa Education, Preschool -- Kenya
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17724 , vital:28442
- Description: This study investigated the possible effects that the use of guided play using the 6 Brick Duplo Block approach might have in terms of the development of aspects of visual perception in pre-literate 5-7year old children. An explanatory sequential mixed-method design was employed. Seventy-seven Grade R learners in two schools, one in the Republic of South Africa and the other in the Republic of Kenya, comprised the purposive convenience sample. Quantitative pre- and post-intervention data were generated using the Visual Perception Aspects Test (VPAT) and analysed using Excel functions to generate descriptive and inferential statistics. The pre-test mean score in the Kenyan school was statistically and practically significantly lower than the South African pre-test mean score. This difference was attributed to the amount and type of play that took place in the natural settings of these schools prior to the intervention and the nature and amount of play material available in each. The largest improvements from the pre- to post-tests occurred in the South African and Kenyan experimental groups and the difference between them dropped from the 99% level of confidence in the pre-test to the 95% level of confidence in the post-test. These findings suggest that using the 6 Brick Duplo Block approach may accelerate the development of aspects of visual discrimination in pre-literate 5-7-year-old children and that the approach may be most effective when used with children who have had little previous exposure to guided play at school. Qualitative data were obtained through open-ended classroom observations and semi-structured teacher interviews with the experimental group class teachers. Classroom observation revealed that the learners were enthusiastic about the guided play and the semi-structured interviews revealed that they realise the importance of using guided play for developing the visual skills necessary for reading, writing and numeracy. The overall findings of this study suggest that the development of aspects of visual perception were accelerated in the study sample of pre-literate Grade R learners when their teachers facilitated guided play using the 6 Brick Duplo Block approach. Recommendations are made that curriculum developers, early childhood advisors and teachers should be made aware of the potential of using guided play and reconsider the Piaget‟s stages of cognitive development to design appropriate instructional materials that promote learners‟ visual perceptual growth and development.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The effects of industrial labour disputes on development in South Africa
- Authors: Mgubo, Xolelwa
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Labor disputes -- South Africa , Strikes and lockouts -- South Africa Industrial relations -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14014 , vital:27388
- Description: On 16 August 2012, the South African Police Service fired upon striking miners in Marikana, South Africa, resulting in the death of 34 mineworkers. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of protracted violent industrial labour disputes on socio-economic development in South Africa. The study explores the root causes of labour disputes in Marikana and considers strategies that can be employed to avoid similar violent and destabilising strikes in the mining and other industries. This research confirms that presumably the pursuit of wage increase is still the primary cause of violent strikes in the country. Furthermore, the research shows clearly that working hours, work conditions, sympathy, and demands from employees and trade unions are major causes of labour disputes. The findings also show that amongst other things participation of employees in work related issues like policy formulation can reduce prevalence of labour disputes. The study also reveals that communication between workers and employees in work places can help both parties to discuss issues before extreme measures are taken.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Mgubo, Xolelwa
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Labor disputes -- South Africa , Strikes and lockouts -- South Africa Industrial relations -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14014 , vital:27388
- Description: On 16 August 2012, the South African Police Service fired upon striking miners in Marikana, South Africa, resulting in the death of 34 mineworkers. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of protracted violent industrial labour disputes on socio-economic development in South Africa. The study explores the root causes of labour disputes in Marikana and considers strategies that can be employed to avoid similar violent and destabilising strikes in the mining and other industries. This research confirms that presumably the pursuit of wage increase is still the primary cause of violent strikes in the country. Furthermore, the research shows clearly that working hours, work conditions, sympathy, and demands from employees and trade unions are major causes of labour disputes. The findings also show that amongst other things participation of employees in work related issues like policy formulation can reduce prevalence of labour disputes. The study also reveals that communication between workers and employees in work places can help both parties to discuss issues before extreme measures are taken.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The efficiency of service delivery in Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, wards 22 and 36
- Xotyeni, Nompumelelo Caroline
- Authors: Xotyeni, Nompumelelo Caroline
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Municipal services -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality , Municipal government -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality Local government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Comparative government
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13425 , vital:27184
- Description: The aim of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of service delivery in specific communities, namely Wards 22 and 36, in order to assess whether residents of those communities understand the service delivery process and whether there is enough communication and relationship within the councillors and residents. It is aimed at looking at the relationship between ward councillors and the residents of the community that they are given to represent. Service delivery is something that South Africa has been battling with for years. As much as there is progress within our country, a lot still needs to be done in order to satisfy the citizens of this country. That is where the purpose of this research thus come in, it looks at what the municipality has done to assist its people in matters that are urgent, such as housing, running water and electricity, to name a few. As stated above, this research looks at the implementation, or lack thereof of the municipality, on things that they had said they would attend to in the two wards, ward 22 and ward 36.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Xotyeni, Nompumelelo Caroline
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Municipal services -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality , Municipal government -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality Local government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Comparative government
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13425 , vital:27184
- Description: The aim of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of service delivery in specific communities, namely Wards 22 and 36, in order to assess whether residents of those communities understand the service delivery process and whether there is enough communication and relationship within the councillors and residents. It is aimed at looking at the relationship between ward councillors and the residents of the community that they are given to represent. Service delivery is something that South Africa has been battling with for years. As much as there is progress within our country, a lot still needs to be done in order to satisfy the citizens of this country. That is where the purpose of this research thus come in, it looks at what the municipality has done to assist its people in matters that are urgent, such as housing, running water and electricity, to name a few. As stated above, this research looks at the implementation, or lack thereof of the municipality, on things that they had said they would attend to in the two wards, ward 22 and ward 36.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The employment of ex-offenders in local enterprise development in Mthatha
- Authors: Mpongoma, Fumanekile
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Ex-convicts -- Employment -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Social responsibility of business -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Small business -- South Africa -- Management Criminals -- Rehabilitation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13900 , vital:27355
- Description: Crime in South Africa is one of the serious challenges facing post- apartheid democracy. As a result, many people find themselves jailed for different crimes which impact their ability to obtain formal employment upon release from jail. Therefore, employment is considered to be a significant contributor to an ex-offender not returning to offending behaviour. It is thus proposed that society has an essential and active role to play in attempts to lower recidivism rates. The hypothesis of this research was that lack of job opportunities for ex-offenders contributes to them breaking parole conditions. Also, communities where ex-offenders come from are not well prepared to welcome them back as transformed people. This treatment of ex-offenders contributes to them reoffending. Furthermore, the brick making industry plays a crucial role in the lives of ex-offenders by giving them an opportunity to be employed after serving their sentences. Finally, employment in the brick making business brings dignity back to the lives of ex-offenders. This study used qualitative research methods to address the research questions and gather relevant data. The use of a qualitative approach was adopted as it allows a deeper exploration of the different research objectives and questions of the study. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings of this study have revealed that the brick making business in the Mthatha region, in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa, is making a big difference in the lives of ex-offenders by offering them the opportunity to gain paid employment, thus contributing to their proper reintegration in their communities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Mpongoma, Fumanekile
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Ex-convicts -- Employment -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Social responsibility of business -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Small business -- South Africa -- Management Criminals -- Rehabilitation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13900 , vital:27355
- Description: Crime in South Africa is one of the serious challenges facing post- apartheid democracy. As a result, many people find themselves jailed for different crimes which impact their ability to obtain formal employment upon release from jail. Therefore, employment is considered to be a significant contributor to an ex-offender not returning to offending behaviour. It is thus proposed that society has an essential and active role to play in attempts to lower recidivism rates. The hypothesis of this research was that lack of job opportunities for ex-offenders contributes to them breaking parole conditions. Also, communities where ex-offenders come from are not well prepared to welcome them back as transformed people. This treatment of ex-offenders contributes to them reoffending. Furthermore, the brick making industry plays a crucial role in the lives of ex-offenders by giving them an opportunity to be employed after serving their sentences. Finally, employment in the brick making business brings dignity back to the lives of ex-offenders. This study used qualitative research methods to address the research questions and gather relevant data. The use of a qualitative approach was adopted as it allows a deeper exploration of the different research objectives and questions of the study. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings of this study have revealed that the brick making business in the Mthatha region, in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa, is making a big difference in the lives of ex-offenders by offering them the opportunity to gain paid employment, thus contributing to their proper reintegration in their communities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The entrepreneurial orientation and performance of African immigrant-owned small businesses in the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Akah Ndang, William
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Small business -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Family-owned business enterprises -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13868 , vital:27315
- Description: Given the rapid inflow of African immigrant entrepreneurs into South Africa, as well as the lack of understanding and research attention given to African immigrant entrepreneurial orientation, the failure rate of their businesses in South Africa is very high. The purpose of this study is to contribute to more effective and robust African immigrant entrepreneurship in South Africa by investigating the impact of African immigrant entrepreneurial orientation on business performance. With this purpose in mind, the primary objective of this study is to establish the level of entrepreneurial orientation of African immigrant-owned small businesses in the Eastern Cape Province, and to determine the influence of this orientation on business performance. This study sets out to pull together previous findings and theories on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation, and business performance, to find support for the theories on the determinants of entrepreneurial orientation in the literature, and to combine these findings into a simple model. An overview of small businesses was first conducted, in which the nature of small businesses and African immigrant-owned small businesses was taken into consideration, as well as the role small businesses play within the economy and the different challenges small businesses face. The dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation were discussed. These included Innovativeness, Pro-activeness, Risk-taking, Competitive aggressiveness, and Autonomy. Business performance was discussed and was measured in terms of financial and non-financial measures. The resource based view was also discussed and human, social, and financial capitals were taken into consideration. A proposed theoretical framework was established to show the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance of African immigrant-owned small businesses and this was later tested by developing a hypothesis. A structured questionnaire was developed and data was collected through these self-administered questionnaires. They were made available to the respondents by a means of the snowball technique and data was collected from 218 respondents. Each construct was defined and operationalised. This was done by using themes from previous studies, as well as self developed themes. Cronbach‟s alpha coefficients were used to confirm reliability and validity of the measuring instruments. Completed questionnaires were subject to different statistical tests. A descriptive analysis was carried out, as well as an exploratory factor analysis, multiple regression and an analysis of variance. The findings of this study showed that Innovativeness has a negative relationship to Business performance whilst Competitive aggressiveness, Proactiveness, Risk-taking, and Autonomy have a significant positive relationship to Business performance. Furthermore, the findings established that Financial capital has a significant relationship to Competitive aggressiveness, Innovativeness, and Proactiveness, whilst there is no relationship to Risk-taking and Autonomy. In addition, it was established that there is a significant relationship between Human capital and Competitive aggressiveness, Proactiveness, and Autonomy, whilst there is no relationship to Innovativeness and Risk-taking. Moreover, the study also showed that a relationship exists between some selected demographic variables of the African immigrant-owned small business and entrepreneurial orientation, as measured by Innovativeness (H1a), Pro-activeness (H1b), Risk-taking (H1c), Competitive aggressiveness (H1d) and Autonomy (H1e). An exception was the demographic variable, the Level of education, which was not found to be as stipulated in the hypothesis. In the context of this study, it was found that 62% of change in African immigrant-owned small business performance is affected by entrepreneurial orientation while other factors accounted for the remaining 38%. Management should revisit its entrepreneurial orientation capabilities and determine whether these are delivering values. This will require a review of policies and procedures in addition to benchmarking these activities to identify whether the business is committing an unwarranted and misplaced amount of resources to a given entrepreneurial orientation activity. Blind pursuit of the uniform implementation of an entrepreneurial dimension is not an effective way for African immigrant-owned small businesses to create an advantage.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Akah Ndang, William
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Small business -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Family-owned business enterprises -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13868 , vital:27315
- Description: Given the rapid inflow of African immigrant entrepreneurs into South Africa, as well as the lack of understanding and research attention given to African immigrant entrepreneurial orientation, the failure rate of their businesses in South Africa is very high. The purpose of this study is to contribute to more effective and robust African immigrant entrepreneurship in South Africa by investigating the impact of African immigrant entrepreneurial orientation on business performance. With this purpose in mind, the primary objective of this study is to establish the level of entrepreneurial orientation of African immigrant-owned small businesses in the Eastern Cape Province, and to determine the influence of this orientation on business performance. This study sets out to pull together previous findings and theories on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation, and business performance, to find support for the theories on the determinants of entrepreneurial orientation in the literature, and to combine these findings into a simple model. An overview of small businesses was first conducted, in which the nature of small businesses and African immigrant-owned small businesses was taken into consideration, as well as the role small businesses play within the economy and the different challenges small businesses face. The dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation were discussed. These included Innovativeness, Pro-activeness, Risk-taking, Competitive aggressiveness, and Autonomy. Business performance was discussed and was measured in terms of financial and non-financial measures. The resource based view was also discussed and human, social, and financial capitals were taken into consideration. A proposed theoretical framework was established to show the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance of African immigrant-owned small businesses and this was later tested by developing a hypothesis. A structured questionnaire was developed and data was collected through these self-administered questionnaires. They were made available to the respondents by a means of the snowball technique and data was collected from 218 respondents. Each construct was defined and operationalised. This was done by using themes from previous studies, as well as self developed themes. Cronbach‟s alpha coefficients were used to confirm reliability and validity of the measuring instruments. Completed questionnaires were subject to different statistical tests. A descriptive analysis was carried out, as well as an exploratory factor analysis, multiple regression and an analysis of variance. The findings of this study showed that Innovativeness has a negative relationship to Business performance whilst Competitive aggressiveness, Proactiveness, Risk-taking, and Autonomy have a significant positive relationship to Business performance. Furthermore, the findings established that Financial capital has a significant relationship to Competitive aggressiveness, Innovativeness, and Proactiveness, whilst there is no relationship to Risk-taking and Autonomy. In addition, it was established that there is a significant relationship between Human capital and Competitive aggressiveness, Proactiveness, and Autonomy, whilst there is no relationship to Innovativeness and Risk-taking. Moreover, the study also showed that a relationship exists between some selected demographic variables of the African immigrant-owned small business and entrepreneurial orientation, as measured by Innovativeness (H1a), Pro-activeness (H1b), Risk-taking (H1c), Competitive aggressiveness (H1d) and Autonomy (H1e). An exception was the demographic variable, the Level of education, which was not found to be as stipulated in the hypothesis. In the context of this study, it was found that 62% of change in African immigrant-owned small business performance is affected by entrepreneurial orientation while other factors accounted for the remaining 38%. Management should revisit its entrepreneurial orientation capabilities and determine whether these are delivering values. This will require a review of policies and procedures in addition to benchmarking these activities to identify whether the business is committing an unwarranted and misplaced amount of resources to a given entrepreneurial orientation activity. Blind pursuit of the uniform implementation of an entrepreneurial dimension is not an effective way for African immigrant-owned small businesses to create an advantage.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The impact of different exchange-rate policies on SADC economies
- Authors: Qabhobho, Thobekile
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Southern African Development Community -- Economic conditions , Foreign exchange rates International economic relations Developing countries -- Economic policy
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19883 , vital:28996
- Description: An exchange-rate regime is an essential element of a country’s regional and international trade, since it is the monetary link between its domestic and international economy. Appropriate exchange-rate regimes that would facilitate capital flows, trade, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and economic growth need to be identified and researched within the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). This study investigated five underlying themes on exchange-rate regimes, behaviour and monetary policy-related issues in the SADC region: the different exchange-rate regimes’ performance and features – before, during and after the 2007/2008 financial crisis; the implication of the adopted exchange-rate regime on monetary-policy independence through examining the impact of the U.S. interest rate on domestic interest rates; the transmission of the South African exchange-rate volatility to other SADC currencies during and after the 2007/2008 financial crisis; the relationship between the exchange-market pressure and monetary policy, and the relationship between exchange rates and stock prices. The following models were used to address the identified themes: the Exchange-Flexibility Index; the Regression-Based Model; the General Methods of Moments (GMM) Model; the GARCH (p, q) Model; the Exponential GARCH Model; the VAR framework, and the Granger-Causality Tests in the VAR System, with their Impulse Response Functions (IRF) and Variance Decomposition. These models were applied to cover different aspects of the study before, during and after the 2007/ 2008 financial-crisis periods. They enabled critical evaluation of the exchange-rate policies, behaviours and performances. The results of the thesis indicate that, in general, both fixed and flexible exchange rates became more flexible after the crisis period and the influence of the United States (U.S.) Dollar, Chinese RMB and EURO was affirmed. There was no evidence of an increase in the co-ordination of SADC currency arrangements in the post-crisis period. Countries with a fixed exchange-rate regime responded more to international interest rates. The study further confirmed the presence of the Rand volatility-contagion effect during the crisis period, as well as its spill-over effect during tranquil periods, to most currency markets in the region. The evaluation of the relationship between the Exchange-Market Pressure (EMP) and monetary policy relationship revealed their close interdependence. This confirms traditional theories that a tighter monetary policy reduces the EMP. The portfolio theory was further affirmed in that stock prices Granger-cause the exchange rates. The recommendations emanating from this study include modernisation of the financial systems of SADC states to cope with foreign capital flows and external shocks, especially since global and regional economies are intensifying, as well as deepening of financial regulations and supervision of financial systems. Furthermore, there is a need for governments and central banks to synchronise their economic policies to minimise the negative effect of global financial crises. The fixed exchange rate regimes and intermediate regimes proved more suitable to countries with less exposure to global capital markets. However, they should prepare their financial institutions to cope with the transition from peg arrangements to more flexible exchange rate regimes. Countries are more appealing if they have more advanced financial markets, links to global capital markets and flexible exchange rate regimes. SADC countries will eventually engage in full global financial integration because of the intensification of global financial markets. This will require the countries to adopt exchange-rate stability and financial integration, but sacrifice monetary autonomy; alternatively, they could achieve monetary independence with financial integration, but sacrifice exchange-rate stability. The results clarify that currency exchange shocks in one country can cause a persistent rise in the volatility of other countries’ foreign exchange markets. These results show that the Central Banks in SADC countries will need to take policy actions following a large exchange rate shock. Therefore, the results on the exchange-rate volatility theme are useful for policy makers to formulate and implement appropriate policies in the event an adverse shock is observed in SADC exchange markets where contagion/spill over effect is empirically manifested. Even though a rise in short-term interest rates could reduce the EMP, it could also further raise the fluctuations of short-term interest rates. Stabilising the EMP through manipulating short-term interest rates will often heighten volatility of interest rates for an extended period. The assumption that changes in the exchange rate affect the competitiveness of a firm, thus influencing the firm’s earnings, net worth, and stock prices was not supported by the results of this study for the period under analysis. However, the results concur with the portfolio theory that stock prices Granger-cause the exchange rates. This might mean that there is high movement of investors’ money between the South African stock markets and that of other countries. This will have significant influence on the demand for and supply of the South African Rand, which often is in disequilibrium. The policy implication is that the Central Bank should pay more attention to stabilising exchange rates against the major currencies. The results of this study have critical implications for monetary authorities (Central Banks) and decision-makers in business.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Qabhobho, Thobekile
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Southern African Development Community -- Economic conditions , Foreign exchange rates International economic relations Developing countries -- Economic policy
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19883 , vital:28996
- Description: An exchange-rate regime is an essential element of a country’s regional and international trade, since it is the monetary link between its domestic and international economy. Appropriate exchange-rate regimes that would facilitate capital flows, trade, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and economic growth need to be identified and researched within the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). This study investigated five underlying themes on exchange-rate regimes, behaviour and monetary policy-related issues in the SADC region: the different exchange-rate regimes’ performance and features – before, during and after the 2007/2008 financial crisis; the implication of the adopted exchange-rate regime on monetary-policy independence through examining the impact of the U.S. interest rate on domestic interest rates; the transmission of the South African exchange-rate volatility to other SADC currencies during and after the 2007/2008 financial crisis; the relationship between the exchange-market pressure and monetary policy, and the relationship between exchange rates and stock prices. The following models were used to address the identified themes: the Exchange-Flexibility Index; the Regression-Based Model; the General Methods of Moments (GMM) Model; the GARCH (p, q) Model; the Exponential GARCH Model; the VAR framework, and the Granger-Causality Tests in the VAR System, with their Impulse Response Functions (IRF) and Variance Decomposition. These models were applied to cover different aspects of the study before, during and after the 2007/ 2008 financial-crisis periods. They enabled critical evaluation of the exchange-rate policies, behaviours and performances. The results of the thesis indicate that, in general, both fixed and flexible exchange rates became more flexible after the crisis period and the influence of the United States (U.S.) Dollar, Chinese RMB and EURO was affirmed. There was no evidence of an increase in the co-ordination of SADC currency arrangements in the post-crisis period. Countries with a fixed exchange-rate regime responded more to international interest rates. The study further confirmed the presence of the Rand volatility-contagion effect during the crisis period, as well as its spill-over effect during tranquil periods, to most currency markets in the region. The evaluation of the relationship between the Exchange-Market Pressure (EMP) and monetary policy relationship revealed their close interdependence. This confirms traditional theories that a tighter monetary policy reduces the EMP. The portfolio theory was further affirmed in that stock prices Granger-cause the exchange rates. The recommendations emanating from this study include modernisation of the financial systems of SADC states to cope with foreign capital flows and external shocks, especially since global and regional economies are intensifying, as well as deepening of financial regulations and supervision of financial systems. Furthermore, there is a need for governments and central banks to synchronise their economic policies to minimise the negative effect of global financial crises. The fixed exchange rate regimes and intermediate regimes proved more suitable to countries with less exposure to global capital markets. However, they should prepare their financial institutions to cope with the transition from peg arrangements to more flexible exchange rate regimes. Countries are more appealing if they have more advanced financial markets, links to global capital markets and flexible exchange rate regimes. SADC countries will eventually engage in full global financial integration because of the intensification of global financial markets. This will require the countries to adopt exchange-rate stability and financial integration, but sacrifice monetary autonomy; alternatively, they could achieve monetary independence with financial integration, but sacrifice exchange-rate stability. The results clarify that currency exchange shocks in one country can cause a persistent rise in the volatility of other countries’ foreign exchange markets. These results show that the Central Banks in SADC countries will need to take policy actions following a large exchange rate shock. Therefore, the results on the exchange-rate volatility theme are useful for policy makers to formulate and implement appropriate policies in the event an adverse shock is observed in SADC exchange markets where contagion/spill over effect is empirically manifested. Even though a rise in short-term interest rates could reduce the EMP, it could also further raise the fluctuations of short-term interest rates. Stabilising the EMP through manipulating short-term interest rates will often heighten volatility of interest rates for an extended period. The assumption that changes in the exchange rate affect the competitiveness of a firm, thus influencing the firm’s earnings, net worth, and stock prices was not supported by the results of this study for the period under analysis. However, the results concur with the portfolio theory that stock prices Granger-cause the exchange rates. This might mean that there is high movement of investors’ money between the South African stock markets and that of other countries. This will have significant influence on the demand for and supply of the South African Rand, which often is in disequilibrium. The policy implication is that the Central Bank should pay more attention to stabilising exchange rates against the major currencies. The results of this study have critical implications for monetary authorities (Central Banks) and decision-makers in business.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The impact of external shocks on economic performance and policy responses in Zimbabwe
- Authors: Manda, Smart
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Macroeconomics , Economic forecasting -- Zimbabwe Economic development -- Zimbabwe Zimbabwe -- Economic conditions -- 21st century Developing countries -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18354 , vital:28626
- Description: This study analysed the impact of external shocks on macroeconomic performance and policy responses in Zimbabwe for the period spanning from 2009 to 2016. The study was motivated by the rising global economic vulnerabilities following the global economic and financial crisis experienced between 2007 and 2009. The study was also in response to the concern by the Zimbabwean government that external shocks had become increasingly important in influencing macroeconomic developments in Zimbabwe. In view of the intensifying debate on external shocks, the study, therefore, sought to understand the impact of external shocks on economic performance and policy responses in Zimbabwe. The study contributes to empirical literature by assessing the relative contribution of external shocks in explaining business cycles, the main transmission mechanisms of the macroeconomic shocks in Zimbabwe, the extent to which shocks in Zimbabwe were synchronised with shocks affecting other regional countries and how effective were government policies in mitigating the impact of shocks in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe is a fascinating case study given its unique exchange rate arrangements under the multiple currency system. The application of the micro-founded DSGE models in addition to the Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) models is also a novel approach. The results of the DSGE model demonstrated that foreign output shocks and imported inflation were not important in accounting for developments in endogenous variables in Zimbabwe. In addition, the domestic output and inflation did not respond to a domestic monetary policy shock. However, the international commodity price was found to have some bearing on domestic output. Foreign interest rates had a positive effect on domestic interest rates. On the other hand, domestic variables did not respond to domestic interest rate movements. This effectively implies that whilst foreign interest rates influenced domestic interest rates, domestic interest rates did not influence real economic activity. In other words, the transmission mechanism was not from domestic monetary policy to real economic variables. The results of the SVAR model also confirmed the results obtained from the DSGE model. The results from the analysis of the synchronicity of shocks also provided very important information on the dynamics of external shocks and economic performance in Zimbabwe. These results pointed to the fact that although countries in the region experienced similar shocks, economic fluctuations were not synchronised implying that the shocks could be emanating from the domestic sources rather than external sources. The results from the analysis of the role of external shocks in explaining macroeconomic fluctuations in Zimbabwe revealed that domestic factors contribute more to macroeconomic fluctuations in Zimbabwe compared to external variables. The contribution of climatic factors to domestic output fluctuations was, however, found to have a limited or minimal impact on the economy. Regarding the monetary policy effectiveness, the study observed that there was a weak link between interest rates and output and inflation developments in Zimbabwe. The results also suggested a week link between interest rates and money supply in the economy. The results, however, suggested that international oil prices were very important in the domestic price formations, accounting for about 20 percent of the variation. The monetary policy conditional index on the other hand indicated that monetary conditions in the economy did not influence inflation and output developments, implying ineffectiveness of monetary policy. The results from the study demonstrated the fact that although external shocks do affect economic activity in Zimbabwe, domestic factors are more significant in influencing macroeconomic activity. The policy implication of the findings is that there is need to consider the domestic factors, which are more significant compared to the external factors. However, since monetary policy is not effective under the multiple currencies system, fiscal policy is important to deal with external shocks. This will also enable the economy to absorb the impact of external shocks into the economy. The policies should focus more on reducing the over-reliance on primary commodities for exports through diversification of the economy.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Manda, Smart
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Macroeconomics , Economic forecasting -- Zimbabwe Economic development -- Zimbabwe Zimbabwe -- Economic conditions -- 21st century Developing countries -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18354 , vital:28626
- Description: This study analysed the impact of external shocks on macroeconomic performance and policy responses in Zimbabwe for the period spanning from 2009 to 2016. The study was motivated by the rising global economic vulnerabilities following the global economic and financial crisis experienced between 2007 and 2009. The study was also in response to the concern by the Zimbabwean government that external shocks had become increasingly important in influencing macroeconomic developments in Zimbabwe. In view of the intensifying debate on external shocks, the study, therefore, sought to understand the impact of external shocks on economic performance and policy responses in Zimbabwe. The study contributes to empirical literature by assessing the relative contribution of external shocks in explaining business cycles, the main transmission mechanisms of the macroeconomic shocks in Zimbabwe, the extent to which shocks in Zimbabwe were synchronised with shocks affecting other regional countries and how effective were government policies in mitigating the impact of shocks in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe is a fascinating case study given its unique exchange rate arrangements under the multiple currency system. The application of the micro-founded DSGE models in addition to the Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) models is also a novel approach. The results of the DSGE model demonstrated that foreign output shocks and imported inflation were not important in accounting for developments in endogenous variables in Zimbabwe. In addition, the domestic output and inflation did not respond to a domestic monetary policy shock. However, the international commodity price was found to have some bearing on domestic output. Foreign interest rates had a positive effect on domestic interest rates. On the other hand, domestic variables did not respond to domestic interest rate movements. This effectively implies that whilst foreign interest rates influenced domestic interest rates, domestic interest rates did not influence real economic activity. In other words, the transmission mechanism was not from domestic monetary policy to real economic variables. The results of the SVAR model also confirmed the results obtained from the DSGE model. The results from the analysis of the synchronicity of shocks also provided very important information on the dynamics of external shocks and economic performance in Zimbabwe. These results pointed to the fact that although countries in the region experienced similar shocks, economic fluctuations were not synchronised implying that the shocks could be emanating from the domestic sources rather than external sources. The results from the analysis of the role of external shocks in explaining macroeconomic fluctuations in Zimbabwe revealed that domestic factors contribute more to macroeconomic fluctuations in Zimbabwe compared to external variables. The contribution of climatic factors to domestic output fluctuations was, however, found to have a limited or minimal impact on the economy. Regarding the monetary policy effectiveness, the study observed that there was a weak link between interest rates and output and inflation developments in Zimbabwe. The results also suggested a week link between interest rates and money supply in the economy. The results, however, suggested that international oil prices were very important in the domestic price formations, accounting for about 20 percent of the variation. The monetary policy conditional index on the other hand indicated that monetary conditions in the economy did not influence inflation and output developments, implying ineffectiveness of monetary policy. The results from the study demonstrated the fact that although external shocks do affect economic activity in Zimbabwe, domestic factors are more significant in influencing macroeconomic activity. The policy implication of the findings is that there is need to consider the domestic factors, which are more significant compared to the external factors. However, since monetary policy is not effective under the multiple currencies system, fiscal policy is important to deal with external shocks. This will also enable the economy to absorb the impact of external shocks into the economy. The policies should focus more on reducing the over-reliance on primary commodities for exports through diversification of the economy.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The impact of leadership on talent retention: exploring gender and generational cohort’s psychological contract issues
- Authors: Vasi, Lee-Anne
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Age and employment -- South Africa , Leadership -- South Africa -- Management Employee retention -- South Africa Organizational commitment -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20066 , vital:29101
- Description: If the early nineties were concerned about a “rapidly changing business environment,” business in the twenty first century should be deeply paranoid about the future of business as we know it (Pieterse et al., 2009, p.1). Both global and national political factors has impacted the economy to epidemic negative heights. For companies to survive, its leadership requires a strand of resilience that sustains operations like never before. This can only be reached through the workforce. The question can thus be asked, how does one optimally use the gifting of each employee to impact the sustained operation of the organisation? The aim of this study is to determine the impact of leadership on talent retention: exploring gender and generational cohort’s psychological contract issues. The target population for the study consisted of 711 (n) employed South African executive MBA professionals within various industry sectors, namely, Management, Finance, Engineering, Information Technology and Accounting sectors, dispersed at various levels within their respective organisations, representing various Provinces, predominantly from the Eastern Cape, Western Cape and Gauteng. 55 percent were male respondents and 45 percent were female respondents. 34% of the respondents’ age group were located in the category Generation-Y (respondents aged 25 – 34 years) and 30% of the respondents’ were located in the category Generation-X (respondents aged 35 – 44 years). The results showed that job insecurity was not statistically significantly related to employee engagement and turnover intention. Leadership empowerment behaviour contributed statistically significantly to employee engagement and low turnover intention. The research populations’ current experience depicts strong opportunities for personal development and work satisfaction, with moderate financial fulfilment. There is furthermore a strong relationship between leadership and retention.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Vasi, Lee-Anne
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Age and employment -- South Africa , Leadership -- South Africa -- Management Employee retention -- South Africa Organizational commitment -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20066 , vital:29101
- Description: If the early nineties were concerned about a “rapidly changing business environment,” business in the twenty first century should be deeply paranoid about the future of business as we know it (Pieterse et al., 2009, p.1). Both global and national political factors has impacted the economy to epidemic negative heights. For companies to survive, its leadership requires a strand of resilience that sustains operations like never before. This can only be reached through the workforce. The question can thus be asked, how does one optimally use the gifting of each employee to impact the sustained operation of the organisation? The aim of this study is to determine the impact of leadership on talent retention: exploring gender and generational cohort’s psychological contract issues. The target population for the study consisted of 711 (n) employed South African executive MBA professionals within various industry sectors, namely, Management, Finance, Engineering, Information Technology and Accounting sectors, dispersed at various levels within their respective organisations, representing various Provinces, predominantly from the Eastern Cape, Western Cape and Gauteng. 55 percent were male respondents and 45 percent were female respondents. 34% of the respondents’ age group were located in the category Generation-Y (respondents aged 25 – 34 years) and 30% of the respondents’ were located in the category Generation-X (respondents aged 35 – 44 years). The results showed that job insecurity was not statistically significantly related to employee engagement and turnover intention. Leadership empowerment behaviour contributed statistically significantly to employee engagement and low turnover intention. The research populations’ current experience depicts strong opportunities for personal development and work satisfaction, with moderate financial fulfilment. There is furthermore a strong relationship between leadership and retention.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The impact of leadership on talent retention: exploring gender and generational cohort’s psychological contract issues
- Authors: Vasi, Lee-Anne
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Age and employment -- South Africa , Leadership -- South Africa -- Management Employee retention -- South Africa Organizational commitment -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20077 , vital:29096
- Description: If the early nineties were concerned about a “rapidly changing business environment,” business in the twenty first century should be deeply paranoid about the future of business as we know it (Pieterse et al., 2009, p.1). Both global and national political factors has impacted the economy to epidemic negative heights. For companies to survive, its leadership requires a strand of resilience that sustains operations like never before. This can only be reached through the workforce. The question can thus be asked, how does one optimally use the gifting of each employee to impact the sustained operation of the organisation? The aim of this study is to determine the impact of leadership on talent retention: exploring gender and generational cohort’s psychological contract issues. The target population for the study consisted of 711 (n) employed South African executive MBA professionals within various industry sectors, namely, Management, Finance, Engineering, Information Technology and Accounting sectors, dispersed at various levels within their respective organisations, representing various Provinces, predominantly from the Eastern Cape, Western Cape and Gauteng. 55 percent were male respondents and 45 percent were female respondents. 34% of the respondents’ age group were located in the category Generation-Y (respondents aged 25 – 34 years) and 30% of the respondents’ were located in the category Generation-X (respondents aged 35 – 44 years). The results showed that job insecurity was not statistically significantly related to employee engagement and turnover intention. Leadership empowerment behaviour contributed statistically significantly to employee engagement and low turnover intention. The research populations’ current experience depicts strong opportunities for personal development and work satisfaction, with moderate financial fulfilment. There is furthermore a strong relationship between leadership and retention.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Vasi, Lee-Anne
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Age and employment -- South Africa , Leadership -- South Africa -- Management Employee retention -- South Africa Organizational commitment -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20077 , vital:29096
- Description: If the early nineties were concerned about a “rapidly changing business environment,” business in the twenty first century should be deeply paranoid about the future of business as we know it (Pieterse et al., 2009, p.1). Both global and national political factors has impacted the economy to epidemic negative heights. For companies to survive, its leadership requires a strand of resilience that sustains operations like never before. This can only be reached through the workforce. The question can thus be asked, how does one optimally use the gifting of each employee to impact the sustained operation of the organisation? The aim of this study is to determine the impact of leadership on talent retention: exploring gender and generational cohort’s psychological contract issues. The target population for the study consisted of 711 (n) employed South African executive MBA professionals within various industry sectors, namely, Management, Finance, Engineering, Information Technology and Accounting sectors, dispersed at various levels within their respective organisations, representing various Provinces, predominantly from the Eastern Cape, Western Cape and Gauteng. 55 percent were male respondents and 45 percent were female respondents. 34% of the respondents’ age group were located in the category Generation-Y (respondents aged 25 – 34 years) and 30% of the respondents’ were located in the category Generation-X (respondents aged 35 – 44 years). The results showed that job insecurity was not statistically significantly related to employee engagement and turnover intention. Leadership empowerment behaviour contributed statistically significantly to employee engagement and low turnover intention. The research populations’ current experience depicts strong opportunities for personal development and work satisfaction, with moderate financial fulfilment. There is furthermore a strong relationship between leadership and retention.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The impact of open-plan office design on the productivity of City of Cape Town employees
- Authors: Nghona, Ziyanda
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Labor productivity -- South Africa -- Cape Town , Performance -- Measurement Interior architecture Space (Architecture)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/48080 , vital:40469
- Description: Comprehensive research studies on identifying the positive and negative impact of open-plan office designs on employees’ work productivity were long initiated and still continually debated in developed nations such as USA, Canada and UK. As a result, the researcher decided to undertake research in order to determine whether the salient negative and positive factors, identified in international literature about open-plan office designs, are applicable in the South African context. The aim was not to reduce the accrued positive and negative factors, emanating from open-plan offices, but rather to identify and determine how they impact employees work productivity. The study had the following objectives, namely: (1) to investigate the employees satisfaction level with the physical environment as a result of working within the open-plan office design layout; (2) to determine the employees' stress levels as a result of working within the open-plan office design layout; (3) to determine the team members or co-workers satisfaction level as a result of working within the open-plan office design layout; and lastly, (4) to determine the positive and negative impact of the open-plan office design layout on employees work productivity. The data gathering approaches included survey self-administered questionnaires to the Built Environment related employees working within the open-plan offices of the City of Cape Town Municipality within the CBD area. The sample consisted the following departments: Facilities Management; Sports & Recreation; Human Settlement and Solid Waste. A purposeful random sampling method was followed to identify participants for the study. Concerning the first objective, it was clear from the analysis that employees are unsatisfied with the physical environment of the open-plan office design layout. Their dissatisfaction pointed to several issues such as less control or flexibility to rearrange or reorganise their office furniture to meet their work needs; limited or no available quiet and undisturbed time. As a result, it was not surprising that employees in open-plan office experience high job-related stress levels. However, in a positive light, concerning the team members or co-workers relations on working within open-plan offices, it was reported that employees are satisfied reporting high exchange of job related information and thus learning from each other. Lastly and more importantly, in terms of the overall aim of this study, the study revealed that the employees’ work productivity is affected negatively as a result of the open-plan office design in the City of Cape Town. Initially identification of how open-plan offices impact employees work productivity is the critical first-step in an attempt to reduce the negative and increase the positive impact and this constitutes the contribution of this study. However, this study was limited in that it only requested respondents to agree or disagree with the relationships among measurable variables that already exist in previous studies done in developed countries. The study survey was also limited by the selected sample within the City of Cape Town Municipality public offices. As a result, the study only sampled five Built Environment related openplan offices and thus the generalisability of the findings is limited. Further studies with large and wider survey can thus benefit this study topic in developing economies like South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Nghona, Ziyanda
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Labor productivity -- South Africa -- Cape Town , Performance -- Measurement Interior architecture Space (Architecture)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/48080 , vital:40469
- Description: Comprehensive research studies on identifying the positive and negative impact of open-plan office designs on employees’ work productivity were long initiated and still continually debated in developed nations such as USA, Canada and UK. As a result, the researcher decided to undertake research in order to determine whether the salient negative and positive factors, identified in international literature about open-plan office designs, are applicable in the South African context. The aim was not to reduce the accrued positive and negative factors, emanating from open-plan offices, but rather to identify and determine how they impact employees work productivity. The study had the following objectives, namely: (1) to investigate the employees satisfaction level with the physical environment as a result of working within the open-plan office design layout; (2) to determine the employees' stress levels as a result of working within the open-plan office design layout; (3) to determine the team members or co-workers satisfaction level as a result of working within the open-plan office design layout; and lastly, (4) to determine the positive and negative impact of the open-plan office design layout on employees work productivity. The data gathering approaches included survey self-administered questionnaires to the Built Environment related employees working within the open-plan offices of the City of Cape Town Municipality within the CBD area. The sample consisted the following departments: Facilities Management; Sports & Recreation; Human Settlement and Solid Waste. A purposeful random sampling method was followed to identify participants for the study. Concerning the first objective, it was clear from the analysis that employees are unsatisfied with the physical environment of the open-plan office design layout. Their dissatisfaction pointed to several issues such as less control or flexibility to rearrange or reorganise their office furniture to meet their work needs; limited or no available quiet and undisturbed time. As a result, it was not surprising that employees in open-plan office experience high job-related stress levels. However, in a positive light, concerning the team members or co-workers relations on working within open-plan offices, it was reported that employees are satisfied reporting high exchange of job related information and thus learning from each other. Lastly and more importantly, in terms of the overall aim of this study, the study revealed that the employees’ work productivity is affected negatively as a result of the open-plan office design in the City of Cape Town. Initially identification of how open-plan offices impact employees work productivity is the critical first-step in an attempt to reduce the negative and increase the positive impact and this constitutes the contribution of this study. However, this study was limited in that it only requested respondents to agree or disagree with the relationships among measurable variables that already exist in previous studies done in developed countries. The study survey was also limited by the selected sample within the City of Cape Town Municipality public offices. As a result, the study only sampled five Built Environment related openplan offices and thus the generalisability of the findings is limited. Further studies with large and wider survey can thus benefit this study topic in developing economies like South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The impact of trade liberalisation on Cote d’Ivoire
- Authors: Guei, Kore Marc Antoine
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Trade regulation -- Côte d'Ivoire Free trade -- Côte d'Ivoire , Developing countries -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17514 , vital:28373
- Description: The process of trade liberalisation and market-oriented economic reforms was initiated in many developing countries in early 1980s; and it intensified in 1990s. In 1994, Cote d’Ivoire was assisted by the IMF to implement trade-policy reforms under Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP). After adopting SAP, the country witnessed soaring balance-of-payment problems, contraction of output, unemployment and the loss of government revenue. Several factors, which were at play resulted in dismal economic performance under SAP. In order to consolidate gains in competitiveness, and achieve high and sustainable growth, the Ivorian authorities coordinated efforts to establish and intra-regional custom tariffs among the member of the West African and Monetary Union (WAEMU), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), World Trade Organisation (WTO), Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) and bilateral agreements. It is against this background that this study is undertaken, in order to evaluate the impact of different trade-policy regimes on trade, welfare and revenue in Cote d’Ivoire. This study used one model: World Integrated Trade Solutions/Software for Market Analysis and Restrictions on Trade (WITS/SMART). The WITS/SMART model was used because of its ability in analysing the tariff effect of a single market on disaggregated product lines. The model also has the capability to analyse the effects of trade-policy reforms in the presence of imperfect substitutes. Using the WITS/SMART model, the study considered seven trade-liberalisation frameworks for Cote d’Ivoire: full implementation of the ECOWAS free trade agreement (FTA), ECOWAS common external tariff (CET), WAEMU CET, WAEMU FTA, EPAs, BFTAs and WTO FTA. The WITS/SMART model reveals that all trade liberalisation scenarios may cause welfare gains – due to the plummeting of prices. However, in all trade liberalisation scenarios, welfare gains were found to be is insignificant. In all cases, welfare gains fell far short of compensating for revenue loss. The impact of trade liberalisation on exports and imports was met with mixed reactions. For the WAEMU customs union and the ECOWAS customs union, and WTO FTA, trade reforms are likely to face serious balance-of-payment problems, as imports exceeded exports by significant margins. With respect to revenue loss, of all trading arrangements, the WTO FTA presents a serious challenge for Cote d’Ivoire revenue followed by BFTAs, ECOWAS FTA, EPAs, ECOWAS CET, WAEMU CET, and WAEMU FTA with anticipated revenue losses. Another challenge for Cote d’Ivoire is the presence of trade creation effects, which were observed in all trade reform scenarios. From this study, it appeared that WAEMU CET poses serious threats of trade creation followed by WTO FTA, BFTA, SADC FTA, COMESA CET, SADC CET, EPAs and WAEMU FTA. Specifically, the study highlighted that Cote d’Ivoire, on balance loses out on trade liberalisation, mainly from revenue loss and possible de-industrialisation from trade-creation effects. The study has also revealed that Cote d’Ivoire offers excessive tax exemptions, which worsens the fiscal position of the country in the face of trade liberalisation. Hence, based on the findings, this study recommends that Cote d’Ivoire needs to call for the design of a financial facility aimed at assisting industries affected by trade-creation effects. The country needs to consider improving the collection of revenue from alternative sources, such as VAT, excise duties, personal and company taxes and excise duty, in order to cushion itself against the revenue loss impact of trade reforms. Government could also consider widening the tax base, by taxing the informal sector, which has been growing rapidly in the past years. In addition, policies aimed at exports promotion, such as export subsidies, trade finance and the strengthening of trade-promotion organisations should be considered. The outcome of this study provides a wake-up call to developing countries engaged in the WTO negotiations and other regional trading arrangements.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Guei, Kore Marc Antoine
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Trade regulation -- Côte d'Ivoire Free trade -- Côte d'Ivoire , Developing countries -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17514 , vital:28373
- Description: The process of trade liberalisation and market-oriented economic reforms was initiated in many developing countries in early 1980s; and it intensified in 1990s. In 1994, Cote d’Ivoire was assisted by the IMF to implement trade-policy reforms under Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP). After adopting SAP, the country witnessed soaring balance-of-payment problems, contraction of output, unemployment and the loss of government revenue. Several factors, which were at play resulted in dismal economic performance under SAP. In order to consolidate gains in competitiveness, and achieve high and sustainable growth, the Ivorian authorities coordinated efforts to establish and intra-regional custom tariffs among the member of the West African and Monetary Union (WAEMU), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), World Trade Organisation (WTO), Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) and bilateral agreements. It is against this background that this study is undertaken, in order to evaluate the impact of different trade-policy regimes on trade, welfare and revenue in Cote d’Ivoire. This study used one model: World Integrated Trade Solutions/Software for Market Analysis and Restrictions on Trade (WITS/SMART). The WITS/SMART model was used because of its ability in analysing the tariff effect of a single market on disaggregated product lines. The model also has the capability to analyse the effects of trade-policy reforms in the presence of imperfect substitutes. Using the WITS/SMART model, the study considered seven trade-liberalisation frameworks for Cote d’Ivoire: full implementation of the ECOWAS free trade agreement (FTA), ECOWAS common external tariff (CET), WAEMU CET, WAEMU FTA, EPAs, BFTAs and WTO FTA. The WITS/SMART model reveals that all trade liberalisation scenarios may cause welfare gains – due to the plummeting of prices. However, in all trade liberalisation scenarios, welfare gains were found to be is insignificant. In all cases, welfare gains fell far short of compensating for revenue loss. The impact of trade liberalisation on exports and imports was met with mixed reactions. For the WAEMU customs union and the ECOWAS customs union, and WTO FTA, trade reforms are likely to face serious balance-of-payment problems, as imports exceeded exports by significant margins. With respect to revenue loss, of all trading arrangements, the WTO FTA presents a serious challenge for Cote d’Ivoire revenue followed by BFTAs, ECOWAS FTA, EPAs, ECOWAS CET, WAEMU CET, and WAEMU FTA with anticipated revenue losses. Another challenge for Cote d’Ivoire is the presence of trade creation effects, which were observed in all trade reform scenarios. From this study, it appeared that WAEMU CET poses serious threats of trade creation followed by WTO FTA, BFTA, SADC FTA, COMESA CET, SADC CET, EPAs and WAEMU FTA. Specifically, the study highlighted that Cote d’Ivoire, on balance loses out on trade liberalisation, mainly from revenue loss and possible de-industrialisation from trade-creation effects. The study has also revealed that Cote d’Ivoire offers excessive tax exemptions, which worsens the fiscal position of the country in the face of trade liberalisation. Hence, based on the findings, this study recommends that Cote d’Ivoire needs to call for the design of a financial facility aimed at assisting industries affected by trade-creation effects. The country needs to consider improving the collection of revenue from alternative sources, such as VAT, excise duties, personal and company taxes and excise duty, in order to cushion itself against the revenue loss impact of trade reforms. Government could also consider widening the tax base, by taxing the informal sector, which has been growing rapidly in the past years. In addition, policies aimed at exports promotion, such as export subsidies, trade finance and the strengthening of trade-promotion organisations should be considered. The outcome of this study provides a wake-up call to developing countries engaged in the WTO negotiations and other regional trading arrangements.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The impact of world class manufacturing implementation at element 6, Springs
- Authors: Maqutyana, Sakumzi
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Industrial management -- South Africa , Production management -- South Africa Manufacturing processes -- South Africa Competition -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18540 , vital:28662
- Description: The manufacturing environment is competitive and the competitiveness manifests itself in the market place. On the other hand, the customers are demanding a range of high quality products at low costs. Organisations pursue, and obtain, competitive advantage by abandoning the outdated traditional manufacturing methods and practising comprehensive approaches, such as World Class Manufacturing (WCM), which enable effective and efficient internal processes. These will, in turn, ensure that customer demands are met or exceeded. The challenge lies in measuring the effectiveness of the implementation of such a WCM approach. This paper provides an overview of the effective World Class Manufacturing measuring metrics, as implemented at Element Six South Africa. There are common KP’s that are recommended in the literature as being the ones that measure the impact of WCM in an organisation. To establish this, a survey was conducted using the employees of Element Six at Springs. The reason for selecting this company is because it has been on a world class journey for the past five years. Three groups of employees, made up of shop-floor employees, general staff and management, were targeted. From the distributed questionnaires, a total of 40 questionnaires were received. The empirical results from these variables showed no difference in their means when it comes to the measured KPI’s.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Maqutyana, Sakumzi
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Industrial management -- South Africa , Production management -- South Africa Manufacturing processes -- South Africa Competition -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18540 , vital:28662
- Description: The manufacturing environment is competitive and the competitiveness manifests itself in the market place. On the other hand, the customers are demanding a range of high quality products at low costs. Organisations pursue, and obtain, competitive advantage by abandoning the outdated traditional manufacturing methods and practising comprehensive approaches, such as World Class Manufacturing (WCM), which enable effective and efficient internal processes. These will, in turn, ensure that customer demands are met or exceeded. The challenge lies in measuring the effectiveness of the implementation of such a WCM approach. This paper provides an overview of the effective World Class Manufacturing measuring metrics, as implemented at Element Six South Africa. There are common KP’s that are recommended in the literature as being the ones that measure the impact of WCM in an organisation. To establish this, a survey was conducted using the employees of Element Six at Springs. The reason for selecting this company is because it has been on a world class journey for the past five years. Three groups of employees, made up of shop-floor employees, general staff and management, were targeted. From the distributed questionnaires, a total of 40 questionnaires were received. The empirical results from these variables showed no difference in their means when it comes to the measured KPI’s.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The influence of diversity management initiatives on business and social outcomes in South African businesses
- Authors: Webber, Zwelibanzi Samson
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Diversity in the workplace -- South Africa , Organizational change -- South Africa Social change -- South Africa Management -- Social aspects -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13524 , vital:27217
- Description: Diversity management is of strategic importance in all organisations throughout the world. Its importance is derived from the belief that workplaces by nature consist of diverse employees, who in one way or another are different in terms of race, gender, religion, or any other difference that may have an impact on the business and its employees. The differences among people need to be managed. This study investigated the influence of diversity management initiatives on business and social outcomes in South African businesses. Literature reviews on diversity management and multicultural education in various parts of the world have revealed an impact on the influence of diversity management initiatives on business and social outcomes. However, existing South African literature on diversity management does not conclusively expose the effects of diversity management on business and social outcomes, hence the need for this study. The study was based on a conceptual framework, which included variables on diversity management initiatives, diversity management models, institutional development theory and business and social outcomes. Hypotheses for the study were also developed and tested. In testing the hypotheses, the empirical data collected was subjected to a series of statistical tests, using STATISTICA version 13. MANOVA tests were conducted to determine the existence of differences among variables and the extent to which the variables differed was measured by means of ANOVA tests. Tukey post hoc tests (Tukey HSD) were used to determine practical significance among variables. The study was also subjected to Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient analysis tests to ascertain the existence of relationships between all diversity management initiatives and business and social outcome factors. The analysis was concluded by conducting an exploratory factor analysis. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to confirm or reduce the number of factors and the number of factors was subsequently reduced. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient test was also done for the extracted factors, after which a regressions analysis test was conducted to confirm the existence of relationships between the extracted diversity management initiatives factors and business and social outcomes factors. This formed the basis for the development of a proposed diversity management model. The model of the implementation of diversity management initiatives is an important contribution to the study because it shows the different aspects that guide the process of implementation. The model is based on the implementation of a formal diversity management change strategy and programme of action; employment equity plan and strategy; and the recruitment and empowerment of women and people living with disabilities. The study was not without limitations. Challenges with regard to access to respondents were experienced and this was one of the delays in data collection. Another challenge experienced was that the study did not include qualitative research approaches, which could have been used for in-depth responses. The study provides an important milestone for the use of diversity management initiatives in South African companies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Webber, Zwelibanzi Samson
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Diversity in the workplace -- South Africa , Organizational change -- South Africa Social change -- South Africa Management -- Social aspects -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13524 , vital:27217
- Description: Diversity management is of strategic importance in all organisations throughout the world. Its importance is derived from the belief that workplaces by nature consist of diverse employees, who in one way or another are different in terms of race, gender, religion, or any other difference that may have an impact on the business and its employees. The differences among people need to be managed. This study investigated the influence of diversity management initiatives on business and social outcomes in South African businesses. Literature reviews on diversity management and multicultural education in various parts of the world have revealed an impact on the influence of diversity management initiatives on business and social outcomes. However, existing South African literature on diversity management does not conclusively expose the effects of diversity management on business and social outcomes, hence the need for this study. The study was based on a conceptual framework, which included variables on diversity management initiatives, diversity management models, institutional development theory and business and social outcomes. Hypotheses for the study were also developed and tested. In testing the hypotheses, the empirical data collected was subjected to a series of statistical tests, using STATISTICA version 13. MANOVA tests were conducted to determine the existence of differences among variables and the extent to which the variables differed was measured by means of ANOVA tests. Tukey post hoc tests (Tukey HSD) were used to determine practical significance among variables. The study was also subjected to Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient analysis tests to ascertain the existence of relationships between all diversity management initiatives and business and social outcome factors. The analysis was concluded by conducting an exploratory factor analysis. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to confirm or reduce the number of factors and the number of factors was subsequently reduced. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient test was also done for the extracted factors, after which a regressions analysis test was conducted to confirm the existence of relationships between the extracted diversity management initiatives factors and business and social outcomes factors. This formed the basis for the development of a proposed diversity management model. The model of the implementation of diversity management initiatives is an important contribution to the study because it shows the different aspects that guide the process of implementation. The model is based on the implementation of a formal diversity management change strategy and programme of action; employment equity plan and strategy; and the recruitment and empowerment of women and people living with disabilities. The study was not without limitations. Challenges with regard to access to respondents were experienced and this was one of the delays in data collection. Another challenge experienced was that the study did not include qualitative research approaches, which could have been used for in-depth responses. The study provides an important milestone for the use of diversity management initiatives in South African companies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The influence of organisational culture on organisational commitment of employees in the banking industry
- Authors: Pegram, Carla
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Corporate culture -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Organizational commitment -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Employee loyalty -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Banks and banking -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19684 , vital:28934
- Description: Given the importance of organisational culture on the success of commercial banks, the prevalence of increased employee turnover rates, as well as the challenges that banks face with regard to preventing the loss of employees to its competitors, this study focused on the influence of selected organisational culture factors on the organisational commitment of banking employees. Against this background, the primary objective of this study was to identify and empirically test the influence of selected organisational culture factors on Organisational commitment of employees in the banking industry in the Eastern Cape. An overview of the literature was provided whereby the nature and importance of organisational commitment and organisational culture were described in the context of the banking industry. From the literature it was evident that the organisational culture of a bank has an influence on the organisational commitment of employees. The literature highlighted Involvement of employees (Empowerment of employees, Team orientation and Capacity development of employees), Adaptability (Creating change, Customer focus and Organisational learning), Consistency (Core values, Coordination and integration and Agreement) and Mission (Vision, Goals and objectives and Strategic direction and intent) as the major factors of organisational culture which influence the organisational culture of a business, in this case a commercial bank. These factors of organisational culture formed the main focus of this study. A positivistic research paradigm and quantitative research methodology were adopted for this study and a descriptive research approach was used. The primary data collection procedures involved selecting the population, the sample, sampling techniques, as well as the sample size. For the purpose of this study, the population consisted of all banking employees of the selected commercial bank within the borders of the Eastern Cape province. The sample size in this study consisted of 700 banking employees. A survey was undertaken and a structured, self-administered questionnaire was used in order to gather the necessary data. The measuring instrument used was based on an existing questionnaire used in previous research. Where necessary the items were reworded to suit this study. A total of 700 questionnaires were distributed, which resulted in 336 usable questionnaires. Thus, an effective response rate of 49.43% was achieved. The reliability of the ordinal scales of the measuring instrument was confirmed by means of the calculation of Cronbach‟s alpha coefficients, whereby coefficients greater than 0.6 were deemed to be reliable. Cronbach‟s alpha coefficients of greater than 0.6 were returned for all the factors measured using ordinal scales, thus satisfactory evidence of reliability were provided. The validity of the ordinal scales of the measuring instrument was confirmed by means of a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Items originally intended to measure the constructs under investigation did not all load as expected. One item measuring each of the factors, namely, Empowerment of employees, Creating change, Organisational learning, Agreement, and Coordination and integration, did not load as expected and was thus excluded from further statistical analyses. The operationalisation for these factors was amended accordingly. The items measuring each of the remaining constructs, namely, Organisational commitment, Team orientation, Capacity development of employees, Customer focus, Core values, Vision, Goals and objectives, and Strategic direction and intent, all loaded as expected. The sample data was summarised using descriptive statistics. In addition, t-tests were used to determine whether the differences in mean scores returned by the demographic variable Gender and the independent and dependent variables under investigation, were significantly different from each other. Pearson‟s Product Moment Correlations coefficients were used to assess the associations between the variables under investigation. A Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) was undertaken to measure the relationships between the independent variable and the dependent variables investigated in this study. Lastly, the relationships between the demographic variables and the dependent and independent variables were tested by means of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The dependent variable Organisational commitment returned a mean score of 6.11, with the majority of banking employees agreeing that they are highly committed to the bank and feel a strong personal connection towards the bank, would recommend working at this bank to others, would find it difficult to leave and would continue to work for the bank out of choice rather than necessity. The independent variables investigated returned mean scores of between 6.05 (Coordination and integration) and 6.32 (Strategic direction and intent) with most respondents agreeing that the conditions or relationships investigated existed within the bank in which they worked. The results of the MRA reported significant positive linear relationships between Empowerment of employees, Capacity development of employees, Coordination and integration and Strategic direction and intent, and the dependent variable Organisational commitment. Furthermore, a significant negative linear relationship between Core values and the dependent variable Organisational commitment were reported. No significant linear relationships emerged between the remaining independent variables, namely, Team orientation, Creating change, Customer focus, Organisational learning, Agreement, Vision and Goals objectives, and the dependent variable Organisational commitment. The results of the ANOVA reported various significant relationships between the demographic variables and the dependent and independent variables investigated in the study. Based on the findings of this study, numerous recommendations were proposed to assist managers of banks to ultimately improve the organisational commitment of employees by adopting and encouraging certain behaviours in terms of the organisational culture of the bank. The findings of this study showed that by focusing on Empowerment of employees, Capacity development of employees, Coordination and integration and Strategic direction and intent, banks can enhance the organisational commitment of their employees. It is hoped that the findings of this study will provide bank managers with practical suggestions on how to use these organisational culture factors to improve organisational commitment among employees, and that the suggestions for future research will inspire future researchers to continue investigating the organisational culture factors in banks.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Pegram, Carla
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Corporate culture -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Organizational commitment -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Employee loyalty -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Banks and banking -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19684 , vital:28934
- Description: Given the importance of organisational culture on the success of commercial banks, the prevalence of increased employee turnover rates, as well as the challenges that banks face with regard to preventing the loss of employees to its competitors, this study focused on the influence of selected organisational culture factors on the organisational commitment of banking employees. Against this background, the primary objective of this study was to identify and empirically test the influence of selected organisational culture factors on Organisational commitment of employees in the banking industry in the Eastern Cape. An overview of the literature was provided whereby the nature and importance of organisational commitment and organisational culture were described in the context of the banking industry. From the literature it was evident that the organisational culture of a bank has an influence on the organisational commitment of employees. The literature highlighted Involvement of employees (Empowerment of employees, Team orientation and Capacity development of employees), Adaptability (Creating change, Customer focus and Organisational learning), Consistency (Core values, Coordination and integration and Agreement) and Mission (Vision, Goals and objectives and Strategic direction and intent) as the major factors of organisational culture which influence the organisational culture of a business, in this case a commercial bank. These factors of organisational culture formed the main focus of this study. A positivistic research paradigm and quantitative research methodology were adopted for this study and a descriptive research approach was used. The primary data collection procedures involved selecting the population, the sample, sampling techniques, as well as the sample size. For the purpose of this study, the population consisted of all banking employees of the selected commercial bank within the borders of the Eastern Cape province. The sample size in this study consisted of 700 banking employees. A survey was undertaken and a structured, self-administered questionnaire was used in order to gather the necessary data. The measuring instrument used was based on an existing questionnaire used in previous research. Where necessary the items were reworded to suit this study. A total of 700 questionnaires were distributed, which resulted in 336 usable questionnaires. Thus, an effective response rate of 49.43% was achieved. The reliability of the ordinal scales of the measuring instrument was confirmed by means of the calculation of Cronbach‟s alpha coefficients, whereby coefficients greater than 0.6 were deemed to be reliable. Cronbach‟s alpha coefficients of greater than 0.6 were returned for all the factors measured using ordinal scales, thus satisfactory evidence of reliability were provided. The validity of the ordinal scales of the measuring instrument was confirmed by means of a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Items originally intended to measure the constructs under investigation did not all load as expected. One item measuring each of the factors, namely, Empowerment of employees, Creating change, Organisational learning, Agreement, and Coordination and integration, did not load as expected and was thus excluded from further statistical analyses. The operationalisation for these factors was amended accordingly. The items measuring each of the remaining constructs, namely, Organisational commitment, Team orientation, Capacity development of employees, Customer focus, Core values, Vision, Goals and objectives, and Strategic direction and intent, all loaded as expected. The sample data was summarised using descriptive statistics. In addition, t-tests were used to determine whether the differences in mean scores returned by the demographic variable Gender and the independent and dependent variables under investigation, were significantly different from each other. Pearson‟s Product Moment Correlations coefficients were used to assess the associations between the variables under investigation. A Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) was undertaken to measure the relationships between the independent variable and the dependent variables investigated in this study. Lastly, the relationships between the demographic variables and the dependent and independent variables were tested by means of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The dependent variable Organisational commitment returned a mean score of 6.11, with the majority of banking employees agreeing that they are highly committed to the bank and feel a strong personal connection towards the bank, would recommend working at this bank to others, would find it difficult to leave and would continue to work for the bank out of choice rather than necessity. The independent variables investigated returned mean scores of between 6.05 (Coordination and integration) and 6.32 (Strategic direction and intent) with most respondents agreeing that the conditions or relationships investigated existed within the bank in which they worked. The results of the MRA reported significant positive linear relationships between Empowerment of employees, Capacity development of employees, Coordination and integration and Strategic direction and intent, and the dependent variable Organisational commitment. Furthermore, a significant negative linear relationship between Core values and the dependent variable Organisational commitment were reported. No significant linear relationships emerged between the remaining independent variables, namely, Team orientation, Creating change, Customer focus, Organisational learning, Agreement, Vision and Goals objectives, and the dependent variable Organisational commitment. The results of the ANOVA reported various significant relationships between the demographic variables and the dependent and independent variables investigated in the study. Based on the findings of this study, numerous recommendations were proposed to assist managers of banks to ultimately improve the organisational commitment of employees by adopting and encouraging certain behaviours in terms of the organisational culture of the bank. The findings of this study showed that by focusing on Empowerment of employees, Capacity development of employees, Coordination and integration and Strategic direction and intent, banks can enhance the organisational commitment of their employees. It is hoped that the findings of this study will provide bank managers with practical suggestions on how to use these organisational culture factors to improve organisational commitment among employees, and that the suggestions for future research will inspire future researchers to continue investigating the organisational culture factors in banks.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The legal framework of concession agreements in Nigerian ports
- Authors: Sanni, Tajudeen
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Concessions -- Nigeria , Public law -- Nigeria Public-private sector cooperation -- Nigeria Marine terminals -- Economic aspects -- Nigeria
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , LLD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20537 , vital:29317
- Description: The thesis examines the legal framework for concession agreements in Nigerian ports. The principal question is whether the legal framework for concession in ports is adequate. In order to answer this question, a number of related questions are raised and answered by analysis of laws and proposed laws related to ports. One question relates to what laws regulate concession in Nigeria. The thesis submits that a number of laws governs concession, the principal one being the Infrastructure Concession Regulatory Act (ICRCA).The Act provides that Federal Government agencies may grant the private sector concession for the financing, construction and maintenance of their infrastructure. In order to examine what this means for the port sector, the thesis examines how concession is being currently implemented in the ports. It is pointed out that under concession policy, a whole lot of operational duties which used to be carried out by the Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) were being transferred to private sector in the new port governance paradigm. For this purpose, the possession of key NPA assets such as terminals for handling cargos were being transferred to the private sector vide concession agreements. The official position is that provisions in the Nigeria Ports Authority Act (NPAA) which allow the NPA to grant leases provide justification for the concession agreement. The concession policy also appoints the Nigeria Shippers Council (NSC) as the economic regulator of the ports to regulate economic activities such as tariff charged in the port. The thesis proceeds to examine the question whether port concession as it is being implemented is actually consistent with NPAA and other relevant laws. The thesis submits that stripping the NPA of a whole string of operational duties on the basis of concession is inconsistent with the provisions of NPAA which establishes the NPA as a regulator, operator and landlord of the port. The thesis posits that the ICRCA does not mandate the NPA to grant concession but rather leaves the decision to do so to the relevant government agencies such as the NPA. It is further submitted that the provision allowing the NPA to lease out its asset must be read with another provision restricting such leases to assets that are not necessary for the performance of NPA’s statutory duties. The thesis argues that this is based on the canon of statutory interpretation that one section of the law must be read holistically with the other sections. It is further argued that designation of NSC as economic regulator not only runs contrary to the Nigeria Shippers Council Act but also Utilities Charges Regulatory Commission Act (UCRCA) which regulates ports tariff and appoints UCRC as the relevant agency for this purpose. The thesis proceeds to examine the question whether the proposed laws, Nigeria Port and Harbour Authority Bill (NPHB) which establishes the port authority as the landlord cum regulator of port and the National Transport Commission Bill (NTCB) which establishes port economic regulator provide adequate legal provisions for port concession. The thesis posits that both bills legalize concession for the performance of core port functions by the private sector. However both contain some clauses that run contrary to the objectives stated therein. NPHB, for example, requires that the bill must be read in the context of the specific objective of separating landlord and regulatory duty from cargo-handling functions in the port. In contrast to this, the bill grants the NPA the duty to carry out port business and the powers to run cargo-handling business in addition to its landlord and regulatory functions. It is proposed that there should be a provision in the port bill providing a separate public company to compete with concessionaires for port businesses while the port authority concentrates on its technical regulatory and landlord duty that will allow it to enter into concession agreements as an independent entity. The thesis makes other proposals for the improvement of the aspects of the bills relating to port concession including inclusion of an outline of terms of concession agreement in the bill, public access to concession agreement, among others. It is recommended that the proposals are considered when the bills are passed into laws and concession agreements renegotiated on the basis of the bills when they become laws.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Sanni, Tajudeen
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Concessions -- Nigeria , Public law -- Nigeria Public-private sector cooperation -- Nigeria Marine terminals -- Economic aspects -- Nigeria
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , LLD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20537 , vital:29317
- Description: The thesis examines the legal framework for concession agreements in Nigerian ports. The principal question is whether the legal framework for concession in ports is adequate. In order to answer this question, a number of related questions are raised and answered by analysis of laws and proposed laws related to ports. One question relates to what laws regulate concession in Nigeria. The thesis submits that a number of laws governs concession, the principal one being the Infrastructure Concession Regulatory Act (ICRCA).The Act provides that Federal Government agencies may grant the private sector concession for the financing, construction and maintenance of their infrastructure. In order to examine what this means for the port sector, the thesis examines how concession is being currently implemented in the ports. It is pointed out that under concession policy, a whole lot of operational duties which used to be carried out by the Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) were being transferred to private sector in the new port governance paradigm. For this purpose, the possession of key NPA assets such as terminals for handling cargos were being transferred to the private sector vide concession agreements. The official position is that provisions in the Nigeria Ports Authority Act (NPAA) which allow the NPA to grant leases provide justification for the concession agreement. The concession policy also appoints the Nigeria Shippers Council (NSC) as the economic regulator of the ports to regulate economic activities such as tariff charged in the port. The thesis proceeds to examine the question whether port concession as it is being implemented is actually consistent with NPAA and other relevant laws. The thesis submits that stripping the NPA of a whole string of operational duties on the basis of concession is inconsistent with the provisions of NPAA which establishes the NPA as a regulator, operator and landlord of the port. The thesis posits that the ICRCA does not mandate the NPA to grant concession but rather leaves the decision to do so to the relevant government agencies such as the NPA. It is further submitted that the provision allowing the NPA to lease out its asset must be read with another provision restricting such leases to assets that are not necessary for the performance of NPA’s statutory duties. The thesis argues that this is based on the canon of statutory interpretation that one section of the law must be read holistically with the other sections. It is further argued that designation of NSC as economic regulator not only runs contrary to the Nigeria Shippers Council Act but also Utilities Charges Regulatory Commission Act (UCRCA) which regulates ports tariff and appoints UCRC as the relevant agency for this purpose. The thesis proceeds to examine the question whether the proposed laws, Nigeria Port and Harbour Authority Bill (NPHB) which establishes the port authority as the landlord cum regulator of port and the National Transport Commission Bill (NTCB) which establishes port economic regulator provide adequate legal provisions for port concession. The thesis posits that both bills legalize concession for the performance of core port functions by the private sector. However both contain some clauses that run contrary to the objectives stated therein. NPHB, for example, requires that the bill must be read in the context of the specific objective of separating landlord and regulatory duty from cargo-handling functions in the port. In contrast to this, the bill grants the NPA the duty to carry out port business and the powers to run cargo-handling business in addition to its landlord and regulatory functions. It is proposed that there should be a provision in the port bill providing a separate public company to compete with concessionaires for port businesses while the port authority concentrates on its technical regulatory and landlord duty that will allow it to enter into concession agreements as an independent entity. The thesis makes other proposals for the improvement of the aspects of the bills relating to port concession including inclusion of an outline of terms of concession agreement in the bill, public access to concession agreement, among others. It is recommended that the proposals are considered when the bills are passed into laws and concession agreements renegotiated on the basis of the bills when they become laws.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The nature and extent of conflict in the hospitality industry in Port Elizabeth
- Authors: Kendrick, Hazel Sheila
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Conflict management -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Interpersonal conflict Teams in the workplace -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth -- Management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17668 , vital:28427
- Description: This study aims to understand frontline managers and how they manage conflict in their working environment. The purpose of the study is to determine which intervening methods are used by frontline managers towards conflict that match up with conflict management strategies. A qualitative research method was used in the study; the data collection was by means of interviews with frontline managers in hotels in Port Elizabeth. The objective of the study was to understand the possible causes of conflict as well as finding alternative solutions by conducting interviews with frontline managers. The study reveals that frontline managers do experience conflict between employees and customers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Kendrick, Hazel Sheila
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Conflict management -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Interpersonal conflict Teams in the workplace -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth -- Management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17668 , vital:28427
- Description: This study aims to understand frontline managers and how they manage conflict in their working environment. The purpose of the study is to determine which intervening methods are used by frontline managers towards conflict that match up with conflict management strategies. A qualitative research method was used in the study; the data collection was by means of interviews with frontline managers in hotels in Port Elizabeth. The objective of the study was to understand the possible causes of conflict as well as finding alternative solutions by conducting interviews with frontline managers. The study reveals that frontline managers do experience conflict between employees and customers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The organisational commitment of financial planners in South Africa
- Authors: Paterson, Steven James
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Organizational commitment -- South Africa , Organizational behavior -- South Africa Financial planning industry -- South Africa -- Management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13812 , vital:27310
- Description: With the increasing demand for financial planners, financial planning organisations need to understand the factors influencing organisational commitment in order to achieve a committed and loyal workforce. The purpose of this study was therefore two-fold. Firstly, the study intended to contribute to the more effective functioning of financial planning organisations through the successful retention of valuable human resources, and secondly, to expand the current body of knowledge on financial planning organisations in South Africa and abroad. Considering the purpose of this study, its primary objective was to investigate the influence of selected organisational-related factors on the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of financial planners currently employed in the financial planning industry in South Africa. Based on an extensive review of business management, industrial psychology, as well as human resource management literature and research (focusing on the vast amount of secondary sources available on organisational commitment), a hypothesised model illustrating the relationships between selected organisational-related factors and the three dimensions of organisational commitment was proposed. Twelve independent variables were hypothesised to influence the three dependent variables, namely the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of financial planners. The twelve independent variables included: Compensation, Distributive justice, Job autonomy, Job security, Organisational communication, Organisational support, Physical working conditions, Promotional opportunities, Psychological contract fulfilment, Training and development, Transformational leadership and Trust. In addition, nine demographic variables (Gender, Race, Age, Organisational tenure, Qualification, CFP status, Tied agent status, Salary structure and Organisational type) were identified. All of the dependent and independent variables in this study were clearly defined and operationalised using items from previously validated measuring instruments, in addition to several self-generated items based on secondary sources. Questionnaires were made available to potential respondents through the use of convenience snowball sampling. A total of 231 useable questionnaires were returned which were then analysed statistically. As a result of an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the original operationalisations, hypothesised model, as well as the hypotheses were revised. Additionally, a new, combined factor emerged, namely Job security and promotional opportunities. The proposed model of factors was subsequently empirically tested by means of structural equation modelling (SEM). In order to carry out the statistical analysis, three submodels were created. The hypothesised model was revised and the redefined hypothesised relationships were given in path diagrams for each of the three submodels. The influence of the various demographic variables on Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment were assessed by means of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and t-tests. A number of organisational-related factors were identified as influencing the dependent variables of this study, namely: Compensation, Organisational support, Distributive justice, Job security and promotional opportunities, as well as Training and development. In particular, Compensation and Organisational support were found to influence Affective commitment, while Distributive justice, Job security and promotional opportunities as well as Training and development were found to influence Normative commitment. Additionally, Organisational support and Job security and promotional opportunities were found to influence Continuance commitment. By investigating selected organisational-related factors influencing the three dimensions of organisational commitment, the study was able to provide practical recommendations to organisations in order to increase the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of their financial planners.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Paterson, Steven James
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Organizational commitment -- South Africa , Organizational behavior -- South Africa Financial planning industry -- South Africa -- Management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13812 , vital:27310
- Description: With the increasing demand for financial planners, financial planning organisations need to understand the factors influencing organisational commitment in order to achieve a committed and loyal workforce. The purpose of this study was therefore two-fold. Firstly, the study intended to contribute to the more effective functioning of financial planning organisations through the successful retention of valuable human resources, and secondly, to expand the current body of knowledge on financial planning organisations in South Africa and abroad. Considering the purpose of this study, its primary objective was to investigate the influence of selected organisational-related factors on the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of financial planners currently employed in the financial planning industry in South Africa. Based on an extensive review of business management, industrial psychology, as well as human resource management literature and research (focusing on the vast amount of secondary sources available on organisational commitment), a hypothesised model illustrating the relationships between selected organisational-related factors and the three dimensions of organisational commitment was proposed. Twelve independent variables were hypothesised to influence the three dependent variables, namely the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of financial planners. The twelve independent variables included: Compensation, Distributive justice, Job autonomy, Job security, Organisational communication, Organisational support, Physical working conditions, Promotional opportunities, Psychological contract fulfilment, Training and development, Transformational leadership and Trust. In addition, nine demographic variables (Gender, Race, Age, Organisational tenure, Qualification, CFP status, Tied agent status, Salary structure and Organisational type) were identified. All of the dependent and independent variables in this study were clearly defined and operationalised using items from previously validated measuring instruments, in addition to several self-generated items based on secondary sources. Questionnaires were made available to potential respondents through the use of convenience snowball sampling. A total of 231 useable questionnaires were returned which were then analysed statistically. As a result of an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the original operationalisations, hypothesised model, as well as the hypotheses were revised. Additionally, a new, combined factor emerged, namely Job security and promotional opportunities. The proposed model of factors was subsequently empirically tested by means of structural equation modelling (SEM). In order to carry out the statistical analysis, three submodels were created. The hypothesised model was revised and the redefined hypothesised relationships were given in path diagrams for each of the three submodels. The influence of the various demographic variables on Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment were assessed by means of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and t-tests. A number of organisational-related factors were identified as influencing the dependent variables of this study, namely: Compensation, Organisational support, Distributive justice, Job security and promotional opportunities, as well as Training and development. In particular, Compensation and Organisational support were found to influence Affective commitment, while Distributive justice, Job security and promotional opportunities as well as Training and development were found to influence Normative commitment. Additionally, Organisational support and Job security and promotional opportunities were found to influence Continuance commitment. By investigating selected organisational-related factors influencing the three dimensions of organisational commitment, the study was able to provide practical recommendations to organisations in order to increase the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of their financial planners.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The path to adoption: experiences of couples who have transitioned from infertility
- Authors: Brophy, Mandy-Lee
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Adoption -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Infertility -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Family social work -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14763 , vital:27844
- Description: Parenthood is a life goal for the majority of individuals and couples who have reached a certain life stage. For many couples parenthood is, however, not a reality through expected means. Statistics gathered, in an unpublished information document, by the Port Elizabeth Infertility and Wellness Clinic, it is estimated that 10 to 15% of all married couples in the region experience infertility. After failed infertility treatment, adoption is considered an option for many couples wishing to have children. The social worker plays an integral role in the assessment and preparation for adoption. However, there is no legislated preparation for the fertility treatment process as there is for adoption in South Africa, yet both processes are intended to result in parenthood shadowed by stressful circumstances for prospective parents. The study explored the experiences of couples who have transitioned from being diagnosed as infertile and have successfully adopted. The study was conducted from a qualitative research perspective and employed the exploratory-descriptive strategy of inquiry. Purposive sampling was applied and eight married couples participated in the study. The participants were sourced from a support and information network for adoptive families as well as referrals from social workers working within the adoption field. Semi-structured interviews were conducted by an independent interviewer with thematic analysis being used for data analysis. Trustworthiness constructs were taken into account to ensure reliability and rigour. The major findings revealed the distinctive experiences regarding fertility treatment, the experiences regarding adoption and suggestions from couples for couples facing similar situations as well as for professionals in practice. The study is viewed as significant in guiding professional services to couples, who are intending to achieve parenthood via adoption, by adding to the body of existing knowledge in adoption and medical social work.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Brophy, Mandy-Lee
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Adoption -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Infertility -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Family social work -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14763 , vital:27844
- Description: Parenthood is a life goal for the majority of individuals and couples who have reached a certain life stage. For many couples parenthood is, however, not a reality through expected means. Statistics gathered, in an unpublished information document, by the Port Elizabeth Infertility and Wellness Clinic, it is estimated that 10 to 15% of all married couples in the region experience infertility. After failed infertility treatment, adoption is considered an option for many couples wishing to have children. The social worker plays an integral role in the assessment and preparation for adoption. However, there is no legislated preparation for the fertility treatment process as there is for adoption in South Africa, yet both processes are intended to result in parenthood shadowed by stressful circumstances for prospective parents. The study explored the experiences of couples who have transitioned from being diagnosed as infertile and have successfully adopted. The study was conducted from a qualitative research perspective and employed the exploratory-descriptive strategy of inquiry. Purposive sampling was applied and eight married couples participated in the study. The participants were sourced from a support and information network for adoptive families as well as referrals from social workers working within the adoption field. Semi-structured interviews were conducted by an independent interviewer with thematic analysis being used for data analysis. Trustworthiness constructs were taken into account to ensure reliability and rigour. The major findings revealed the distinctive experiences regarding fertility treatment, the experiences regarding adoption and suggestions from couples for couples facing similar situations as well as for professionals in practice. The study is viewed as significant in guiding professional services to couples, who are intending to achieve parenthood via adoption, by adding to the body of existing knowledge in adoption and medical social work.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017