Towards intercultural communication congruence in Sino-African organisational contexts
- Authors: Chigwendere, Fungai Beaula
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Intercultural communication -- Africa , China -- Foreign economic relations -- Africa , Communication in organizations -- Cross-cultural studies , Corporate culture -- Cross-cultural studies , Africa -- Relations -- China , China -- Relations -- Africa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62395 , vital:28172
- Description: Despite the prevalence of theories and research that could serve as guidelines for addressing intercultural communication challenges such as misunderstanding, ineffectiveness and inappropriateness in communication in Sino-African organisational contexts, the continued existence of these challenges suggests the inadequacy of such theories. Accordingly, in consideration of African and Chinese cultural perspectives, the aim of this study was to develop a hybrid intercultural communication congruence (HICC) framework in order to enhance intercultural communication and achieve intercultural communication congruence in Sino-African organisational contexts. In this study, intercultural communication congruence means effectiveness and appropriateness in intercultural communication. To achieve the study aim, an interpretive pragmatism paradigm was adopted, comprising a two-pronged approach of a synthesis of extant literature and theory as well as an empirical qualitative study, both underpinned by cross-cultural management theory. Based on the synthesis of literature and theory, a generic theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework underpinned by intercultural communication awareness - a state where communicants understand communication orientation and manner of communication in their own and their counterparts’ culture - was developed. A further contribution was a theoretical contextualisation of the generic theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework, resulting in a theoretical framework for intercultural communication awareness in Western, African and Chinese cultures and a theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework specific to Sino-African organisational contexts. Thereafter, with the aim of validating the intercultural communication awareness dimension of the theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework specific to Sino-African organisational contexts, an empirical study was conducted with a sample of seven African and eight Chinese experts using indepth interviews with open-ended and semi-structured questions. Based on qualitative content analysis, six intercultural communication awareness enablers or conditions that enable people to understand communication in different cultures and contexts for the purposes of attaining intercultural communication awareness emerged. These were cultural orientation, manner of communication, orientation to rules and protocol, individual dispositions, intercultural communication influences and intercultural communication variations. An integration of the intercultural communication awareness enablers into the generic theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework results in an updated generic theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework. Then, informed by the updated generic theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework, a further contribution of this study was an empirical verification of the intercultural communication awareness dimension of the theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework specific to Sino-African organisational contexts to result in a final hybrid intercultural communication congruence framework for Sino-African organisational contexts supported by the perspectives of those involved in interaction, rather than predetermined standards of other cultures. Empirical findings suggest that both African and Chinese colleagues maintain a sense of collectivism in the Sino- African organisational context, although this is demonstrated differently. In addition, African colleagues display a blended manner of communication characterised by a mix of Western and African ways while the Chinese manner is contextual and governed by roles and relationships. In African culture, rules and protocol are negotiated, aimed at social maintenance, while strong cultural patriotism ensures strict adherence in Chinese culture. In respect of individual dispositions, African people are seen as open and accommodating while the Chinese disposition could be described as closed and ambiguous. Also evident in the findings is the existence of within-culture differences and influence of noncultural factors on intercultural communication that should be addressed in order to achieve intercultural communication congruence. Finally, the frameworks developed and the methodological processes followed will stimulate academic debate and raise numerous questions for future research. Immediate future research could be geared towards refining the concepts of intercultural communication awareness, intercultural communication congruence and the hybrid intercultural communication congruence framework for Sino-African organisational contexts. At a management practice level, intercultural communication awareness insights provide a reference point for intercultural communication enhancement strategies and interventions in Sino-African organisational contexts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chigwendere, Fungai Beaula
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Intercultural communication -- Africa , China -- Foreign economic relations -- Africa , Communication in organizations -- Cross-cultural studies , Corporate culture -- Cross-cultural studies , Africa -- Relations -- China , China -- Relations -- Africa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62395 , vital:28172
- Description: Despite the prevalence of theories and research that could serve as guidelines for addressing intercultural communication challenges such as misunderstanding, ineffectiveness and inappropriateness in communication in Sino-African organisational contexts, the continued existence of these challenges suggests the inadequacy of such theories. Accordingly, in consideration of African and Chinese cultural perspectives, the aim of this study was to develop a hybrid intercultural communication congruence (HICC) framework in order to enhance intercultural communication and achieve intercultural communication congruence in Sino-African organisational contexts. In this study, intercultural communication congruence means effectiveness and appropriateness in intercultural communication. To achieve the study aim, an interpretive pragmatism paradigm was adopted, comprising a two-pronged approach of a synthesis of extant literature and theory as well as an empirical qualitative study, both underpinned by cross-cultural management theory. Based on the synthesis of literature and theory, a generic theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework underpinned by intercultural communication awareness - a state where communicants understand communication orientation and manner of communication in their own and their counterparts’ culture - was developed. A further contribution was a theoretical contextualisation of the generic theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework, resulting in a theoretical framework for intercultural communication awareness in Western, African and Chinese cultures and a theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework specific to Sino-African organisational contexts. Thereafter, with the aim of validating the intercultural communication awareness dimension of the theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework specific to Sino-African organisational contexts, an empirical study was conducted with a sample of seven African and eight Chinese experts using indepth interviews with open-ended and semi-structured questions. Based on qualitative content analysis, six intercultural communication awareness enablers or conditions that enable people to understand communication in different cultures and contexts for the purposes of attaining intercultural communication awareness emerged. These were cultural orientation, manner of communication, orientation to rules and protocol, individual dispositions, intercultural communication influences and intercultural communication variations. An integration of the intercultural communication awareness enablers into the generic theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework results in an updated generic theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework. Then, informed by the updated generic theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework, a further contribution of this study was an empirical verification of the intercultural communication awareness dimension of the theoretical intercultural communication congruence framework specific to Sino-African organisational contexts to result in a final hybrid intercultural communication congruence framework for Sino-African organisational contexts supported by the perspectives of those involved in interaction, rather than predetermined standards of other cultures. Empirical findings suggest that both African and Chinese colleagues maintain a sense of collectivism in the Sino- African organisational context, although this is demonstrated differently. In addition, African colleagues display a blended manner of communication characterised by a mix of Western and African ways while the Chinese manner is contextual and governed by roles and relationships. In African culture, rules and protocol are negotiated, aimed at social maintenance, while strong cultural patriotism ensures strict adherence in Chinese culture. In respect of individual dispositions, African people are seen as open and accommodating while the Chinese disposition could be described as closed and ambiguous. Also evident in the findings is the existence of within-culture differences and influence of noncultural factors on intercultural communication that should be addressed in order to achieve intercultural communication congruence. Finally, the frameworks developed and the methodological processes followed will stimulate academic debate and raise numerous questions for future research. Immediate future research could be geared towards refining the concepts of intercultural communication awareness, intercultural communication congruence and the hybrid intercultural communication congruence framework for Sino-African organisational contexts. At a management practice level, intercultural communication awareness insights provide a reference point for intercultural communication enhancement strategies and interventions in Sino-African organisational contexts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The regulation of anti-dumping : a critical assessment with a focus on South Africa
- Authors: Chikomo, Unico
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Antidumping duties
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Law
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10896 , vital:35961
- Description: Economic globalisation entails the integration of national economies into one economy centred upon free International trade and the unrestricted flow of foreign direct investment.1 It has been argued by economists, politicians, business people, lawyers and many others that economic globalisation results in healthy competition amongst producers of goods and technologies around the world. This in turn results in market efficiency, cheaper, high quality goods and the increased spread of technology and wealth amongst countries. International trade aims to increase trade liberalisation, which has been seen to create higher standards of living for people as a result of greater competition amongst producers in different parts of the international globe. However whilst in support of trade liberalisation trade lawyers have warned that International trade must be fair. Unfair trade can take the form of dumping, price fixing, and certain methods of subsidisation. Unfair trade usually has disastrous effects on the domestic markets of importing countries which can result in injury to domestic industry and the national economy. Such injury can be in the form low sales, losses, company closures and retrenchments. As a result of such domestic injury, World Trade Organisation (WTO) law condemns dumping if it causes injury to the domestic industry of the importing country2 and allows importing countries to impose certain measures aimed at protecting themselves against such injury; these measures are called anti-dumping measures. However, WTO member states need to ensure that their anti-dumping frameworks are consistent with WTO norms. The principal objective of this study is to critically assess the existing regulatory framework of anti-dumping in South Africa with a view to identifying shortcomings that may result in the framework being inconsistent with WTO anti-dumping rules. In pursuing that objective, the study explores the norms and standards of the existing WTO regulatory framework on anti-dumping and ascertains the obligations of South Africa with regard to the imposition of anti-dumping measures.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chikomo, Unico
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Antidumping duties
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Law
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10896 , vital:35961
- Description: Economic globalisation entails the integration of national economies into one economy centred upon free International trade and the unrestricted flow of foreign direct investment.1 It has been argued by economists, politicians, business people, lawyers and many others that economic globalisation results in healthy competition amongst producers of goods and technologies around the world. This in turn results in market efficiency, cheaper, high quality goods and the increased spread of technology and wealth amongst countries. International trade aims to increase trade liberalisation, which has been seen to create higher standards of living for people as a result of greater competition amongst producers in different parts of the international globe. However whilst in support of trade liberalisation trade lawyers have warned that International trade must be fair. Unfair trade can take the form of dumping, price fixing, and certain methods of subsidisation. Unfair trade usually has disastrous effects on the domestic markets of importing countries which can result in injury to domestic industry and the national economy. Such injury can be in the form low sales, losses, company closures and retrenchments. As a result of such domestic injury, World Trade Organisation (WTO) law condemns dumping if it causes injury to the domestic industry of the importing country2 and allows importing countries to impose certain measures aimed at protecting themselves against such injury; these measures are called anti-dumping measures. However, WTO member states need to ensure that their anti-dumping frameworks are consistent with WTO norms. The principal objective of this study is to critically assess the existing regulatory framework of anti-dumping in South Africa with a view to identifying shortcomings that may result in the framework being inconsistent with WTO anti-dumping rules. In pursuing that objective, the study explores the norms and standards of the existing WTO regulatory framework on anti-dumping and ascertains the obligations of South Africa with regard to the imposition of anti-dumping measures.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Financial market integration, contagion and volatility transmission: a case of the globally developed markets and developing stock markets in Africa
- Authors: Chima, Anyikwa Izunna
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Money market , Investment analysis Capital market
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/23935 , vital:30646
- Description: The widespread impact of the 2007 global financial crisis and the subsequent Eurozone sovereign debt crisis added new impetus to the on-going international discussions about the sustainability of a financial integration model. Moreover, the crisis revealed the complexity of the international transmission of financial shocks and the financial vulnerabilities of different financial markets. More so, it exposed the major weaknesses in our knowledge of how the forces that drive global financial systems operate. This is compounded by a failure to appreciate the scope of interdependencies that exist across markets and their potential to destabilise the global financial system in times of crises. At the heart of this weakness is the inability to accurately understand the various propagation mechanisms and channels through which a crisis from one market is transmitted to other markets. It is against this background that this study is undertaken, in order to empirically investigate the role of financial market integration, contagion and volatility transmission, using weekly data between the period 3 January 2003 to 26 December 2014. The study covers 27 stock markets, comprising 13 African stock markets, 10 developed stock markets and four emerging stock markets. The study employed two empirical frameworks: the first framework focused on the short-run and long-run relationships between African stock markets and major global stock markets using the Johansen co-integration test, Granger causality test, GIRF and GFEVD. The second framework focused on testing evidence of contagion and volatility transmission using the DCC-GJRGARCH model and AS model. The results show that the majority of African stock markets moved together in the long-run with the major global stock markets during the pre-crisis and Eurozone crisis periods. While the long-run relationship between African stock markets and the major global markets disappeared during the period of the global financial crisis, the relationship re-emerged during the Eurozone crisis period. From the analysis of Granger causality test, the results show some differences exist in terms of the relative strength of the causal linkages across markets and periods. However, it was shown that strong causal linkages emerged during the global financial and Eurozone crisis periods relative to the pre-crisis period. Also, the leading role of the major developed markets, compared to the emerging markets, is demonstrated throughout the analysis of causality tests. Moreover, the sensitivity of African markets to shocks from the global markets was clearly highlighted by analysis of the GIRF and GFEVD, especially during both crisis periods. Furthermore, the results from the AS model confirm significant evidence of mean and volatility spill-over effects from the major global markets to African markets especially during the periods of both crises. In addition, the level of volatility was found to be more persistent and asymmetric during both crisis periods compared to the pre-crisis period. The results confirm the existence of contagion effects through the analysis of the conditional correlation during both crisis periods. More importantly, the analysis of conditional correlation emphasised evidence of heightened co-movement between African markets and the major global markets during the periods of crisis. Consequently, the decoupling phenomenon is rejected in favour of synchronisation of business cycles between African stock markets and the major global markets. The findings of this study have several important implications for the policymakers and investors in Africa and the world at large. The findings of this study not only provide some information about the level of financial integration but also the effect of growing financial linkages between African markets and the global markets, which is important for designing appropriate regulatory frameworks. Also, the knowledge about the dynamic interrelationship in terms of contagion and volatility transmission between African markets and the major global markets can be utilised by investors, and thereby help them to make better investment decisions. Consequently, the findings of this study point to a need for policymakers in general and in Africa in particular, to monitor closely changes in financial development in other markets in order to reduce the vulnerability of domestic markets to external shocks. To mitigate the impact of the external shocks, greater co-operation and co-ordination, with proper supervision of different markets‟ fiscal and monetary policies, should be encouraged. Such policies need to be carefully aligned with the objective of external sustainability. This can be achieved through strategic partnerships and mergers, foreign institutional investments, cross market listing of shares, corporatisation of exchanges and the introduction of private ownership. Above all, effective regulation is needed to realise the benefits of financial market integration.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chima, Anyikwa Izunna
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Money market , Investment analysis Capital market
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/23935 , vital:30646
- Description: The widespread impact of the 2007 global financial crisis and the subsequent Eurozone sovereign debt crisis added new impetus to the on-going international discussions about the sustainability of a financial integration model. Moreover, the crisis revealed the complexity of the international transmission of financial shocks and the financial vulnerabilities of different financial markets. More so, it exposed the major weaknesses in our knowledge of how the forces that drive global financial systems operate. This is compounded by a failure to appreciate the scope of interdependencies that exist across markets and their potential to destabilise the global financial system in times of crises. At the heart of this weakness is the inability to accurately understand the various propagation mechanisms and channels through which a crisis from one market is transmitted to other markets. It is against this background that this study is undertaken, in order to empirically investigate the role of financial market integration, contagion and volatility transmission, using weekly data between the period 3 January 2003 to 26 December 2014. The study covers 27 stock markets, comprising 13 African stock markets, 10 developed stock markets and four emerging stock markets. The study employed two empirical frameworks: the first framework focused on the short-run and long-run relationships between African stock markets and major global stock markets using the Johansen co-integration test, Granger causality test, GIRF and GFEVD. The second framework focused on testing evidence of contagion and volatility transmission using the DCC-GJRGARCH model and AS model. The results show that the majority of African stock markets moved together in the long-run with the major global stock markets during the pre-crisis and Eurozone crisis periods. While the long-run relationship between African stock markets and the major global markets disappeared during the period of the global financial crisis, the relationship re-emerged during the Eurozone crisis period. From the analysis of Granger causality test, the results show some differences exist in terms of the relative strength of the causal linkages across markets and periods. However, it was shown that strong causal linkages emerged during the global financial and Eurozone crisis periods relative to the pre-crisis period. Also, the leading role of the major developed markets, compared to the emerging markets, is demonstrated throughout the analysis of causality tests. Moreover, the sensitivity of African markets to shocks from the global markets was clearly highlighted by analysis of the GIRF and GFEVD, especially during both crisis periods. Furthermore, the results from the AS model confirm significant evidence of mean and volatility spill-over effects from the major global markets to African markets especially during the periods of both crises. In addition, the level of volatility was found to be more persistent and asymmetric during both crisis periods compared to the pre-crisis period. The results confirm the existence of contagion effects through the analysis of the conditional correlation during both crisis periods. More importantly, the analysis of conditional correlation emphasised evidence of heightened co-movement between African markets and the major global markets during the periods of crisis. Consequently, the decoupling phenomenon is rejected in favour of synchronisation of business cycles between African stock markets and the major global markets. The findings of this study have several important implications for the policymakers and investors in Africa and the world at large. The findings of this study not only provide some information about the level of financial integration but also the effect of growing financial linkages between African markets and the global markets, which is important for designing appropriate regulatory frameworks. Also, the knowledge about the dynamic interrelationship in terms of contagion and volatility transmission between African markets and the major global markets can be utilised by investors, and thereby help them to make better investment decisions. Consequently, the findings of this study point to a need for policymakers in general and in Africa in particular, to monitor closely changes in financial development in other markets in order to reduce the vulnerability of domestic markets to external shocks. To mitigate the impact of the external shocks, greater co-operation and co-ordination, with proper supervision of different markets‟ fiscal and monetary policies, should be encouraged. Such policies need to be carefully aligned with the objective of external sustainability. This can be achieved through strategic partnerships and mergers, foreign institutional investments, cross market listing of shares, corporatisation of exchanges and the introduction of private ownership. Above all, effective regulation is needed to realise the benefits of financial market integration.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Optimizing phthalocyanine based dye-sensitized solar cells: The role of reduced graphene oxide
- Chindeka, Francis, Mashazi, Philani N, Britton, Jonathan, Fomo, Gertrude, Oluwole, David O, Sindelo, Azole, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Chindeka, Francis , Mashazi, Philani N , Britton, Jonathan , Fomo, Gertrude , Oluwole, David O , Sindelo, Azole , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/187770 , vital:44695 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2018.10.021"
- Description: Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) were fabricated by incorporating graphene materials as catalysts at the counter electrode. Platinum was also used as a catalyst for comparison purposes. Different phthalocyanines: hydroxyl indium tetracarboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine (1), chloro indium octacarboxy phthalocyanine (2) and dibenzoic acid silicon phthalocyanine (3) were used as dyes. Complex 3 gave the highest power conversion efficiency (η) of 3.19% when using nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (NrGONS) as a catalyst at the counter electrode, and TiO2 containing rGONS at the anode. The value is close to 3.8% obtained when using Pt catalyst instead of NrGONS at the cathode, thus confirming that NrGONS is a promising candidate to replace the more expensive Pt. The study also shows that placing rGONS on both the anode and cathode improves efficiency.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chindeka, Francis , Mashazi, Philani N , Britton, Jonathan , Fomo, Gertrude , Oluwole, David O , Sindelo, Azole , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/187770 , vital:44695 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2018.10.021"
- Description: Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) were fabricated by incorporating graphene materials as catalysts at the counter electrode. Platinum was also used as a catalyst for comparison purposes. Different phthalocyanines: hydroxyl indium tetracarboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine (1), chloro indium octacarboxy phthalocyanine (2) and dibenzoic acid silicon phthalocyanine (3) were used as dyes. Complex 3 gave the highest power conversion efficiency (η) of 3.19% when using nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (NrGONS) as a catalyst at the counter electrode, and TiO2 containing rGONS at the anode. The value is close to 3.8% obtained when using Pt catalyst instead of NrGONS at the cathode, thus confirming that NrGONS is a promising candidate to replace the more expensive Pt. The study also shows that placing rGONS on both the anode and cathode improves efficiency.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Gaining cyber security insight through an analysis of open source intelligence data: an East African case study
- Authors: Chindipha, Stones Dalitso
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Open source intelligence -- Africa, East , Computer security -- Africa, East , Computer networks -- Security measures -- Africa, East , Denial of service attacks -- Africa, East , Sentient Hvper-Optimised Data Access Network (SHODAN) , Internet Background Radiation (IBR)
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60618 , vital:27805
- Description: With each passing year the number of Internet users and connected devices grows, and this is particularly so in Africa. This growth brings with it an increase in the prevalence cyber-attacks. Looking at the current state of affairs, cybersecurity incidents are more likely to increase in African countries mainly due to the increased prevalence and affordability of broadband connectivity which is coupled with lack of online security awareness. The adoption of mobile banking has aggravated the situation making the continent more attractive to hackers who bank on the malpractices of users. Using Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) data sources like Sentient Hvper-Optimised Data Access Network (SHODAN) and Internet Background Radiation (IBR), this research explores the prevalence of vulnerabilities and their accessibility to evber threat actors. The research focuses on the East African Community (EAC) comprising of Tanzania, Kenya, Malawi, and Uganda, An IBR data set collected by a Rhodes University network telescope spanning over 72 months was used in this research, along with two snapshot period of data from the SHODAN project. The findings shows that there is a significant risk to systems within the EAC, particularly using the SHODAN data. The MITRE CVSS threat scoring system was applied to this research using FREAK and Heartbleed as sample vulnerabilities identified in EAC, When looking at IBR, the research has shown that attackers can use either destination ports or IP source addresses to perform an attack which if not attended to may be reused yearly until later on move to the allocated IP address space once it starts making random probes. The moment it finds one vulnerable client on the network it spreads throughout like a worm, DDoS is one the attacks that can be generated from IBR, Since the SHODAN dataset had two collection points, the study has shown the changes that have occurred in Malawi and Tanzania for a period of 14 months by using three variables i.e, device type, operating systems, and ports. The research has also identified vulnerable devices in all the four countries. Apart from that, the study identified operating systems, products, OpenSSL, ports and ISPs as some of the variables that can be used to identify vulnerabilities in systems. In the ease of OpenSSL and products, this research went further by identifying the type of attack that can occur and its associated CVE-ID.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chindipha, Stones Dalitso
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Open source intelligence -- Africa, East , Computer security -- Africa, East , Computer networks -- Security measures -- Africa, East , Denial of service attacks -- Africa, East , Sentient Hvper-Optimised Data Access Network (SHODAN) , Internet Background Radiation (IBR)
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60618 , vital:27805
- Description: With each passing year the number of Internet users and connected devices grows, and this is particularly so in Africa. This growth brings with it an increase in the prevalence cyber-attacks. Looking at the current state of affairs, cybersecurity incidents are more likely to increase in African countries mainly due to the increased prevalence and affordability of broadband connectivity which is coupled with lack of online security awareness. The adoption of mobile banking has aggravated the situation making the continent more attractive to hackers who bank on the malpractices of users. Using Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) data sources like Sentient Hvper-Optimised Data Access Network (SHODAN) and Internet Background Radiation (IBR), this research explores the prevalence of vulnerabilities and their accessibility to evber threat actors. The research focuses on the East African Community (EAC) comprising of Tanzania, Kenya, Malawi, and Uganda, An IBR data set collected by a Rhodes University network telescope spanning over 72 months was used in this research, along with two snapshot period of data from the SHODAN project. The findings shows that there is a significant risk to systems within the EAC, particularly using the SHODAN data. The MITRE CVSS threat scoring system was applied to this research using FREAK and Heartbleed as sample vulnerabilities identified in EAC, When looking at IBR, the research has shown that attackers can use either destination ports or IP source addresses to perform an attack which if not attended to may be reused yearly until later on move to the allocated IP address space once it starts making random probes. The moment it finds one vulnerable client on the network it spreads throughout like a worm, DDoS is one the attacks that can be generated from IBR, Since the SHODAN dataset had two collection points, the study has shown the changes that have occurred in Malawi and Tanzania for a period of 14 months by using three variables i.e, device type, operating systems, and ports. The research has also identified vulnerable devices in all the four countries. Apart from that, the study identified operating systems, products, OpenSSL, ports and ISPs as some of the variables that can be used to identify vulnerabilities in systems. In the ease of OpenSSL and products, this research went further by identifying the type of attack that can occur and its associated CVE-ID.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Provision of psychosocial support to vulnerable learners by peer led groups in secondary schools in Amathole West Education District, Eastern Cape
- Authors: Chinyama, Nyarayi
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Psychosocial support -- Education, Secondary -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Education, Secondary -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9341 , vital:34333
- Description: This study sought provision of psychosocial support to vulnerable learners by school based peer-led groups in secondary schools. Using the Ecological Systems Theory and the Psychosocial Support Interactive Process Model, the study specifically sought how vulnerable learners were identified, how participants understood vulnerability and psychosocial support, how peer led groups were selected and the strategies used to provide psychosocial support by peer led groups. The study also sought the support and monitoring strategies used by different stakeholders including the department of education inorder to assit the peer led groups in their endevour to provide psychosocial support to vulnerable learners. The study employed qualitative research methods using interviews, focus groups and document analysis. Purposive sampling was used to select a District Education Officer, four principals, four group members and all of whom took part in interviews, then twenty four peer group members who participated in focus group discussions. The study found out that various methods were used to identify vulnerable learners, but these were inadequate due to limited professional support to the peer-led groups. The strategies employed to assist vulnerable learners included the buddy system, scripture unions, boys and girls education movements and home visits. However there were also challenges of shortage of human and material resources such as counselling rooms, transport. Also none cooperation of parents still hampers psychosocial support by peer led groups. Therefore, the study concludes that there are still a lot of vulnerable learners who are not reached by peer-led groups because of the above mentioned challenges. In this light the study proposed a framework for providing psychosocial support. The study therefore, recommends that the psychosocial programme be part of the large school curriculum which has a specific budget to sustain all the identification, support and monitoring needs of the vulnerable learners and to ensure the psychosocial support strategies are successful.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chinyama, Nyarayi
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Psychosocial support -- Education, Secondary -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Education, Secondary -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9341 , vital:34333
- Description: This study sought provision of psychosocial support to vulnerable learners by school based peer-led groups in secondary schools. Using the Ecological Systems Theory and the Psychosocial Support Interactive Process Model, the study specifically sought how vulnerable learners were identified, how participants understood vulnerability and psychosocial support, how peer led groups were selected and the strategies used to provide psychosocial support by peer led groups. The study also sought the support and monitoring strategies used by different stakeholders including the department of education inorder to assit the peer led groups in their endevour to provide psychosocial support to vulnerable learners. The study employed qualitative research methods using interviews, focus groups and document analysis. Purposive sampling was used to select a District Education Officer, four principals, four group members and all of whom took part in interviews, then twenty four peer group members who participated in focus group discussions. The study found out that various methods were used to identify vulnerable learners, but these were inadequate due to limited professional support to the peer-led groups. The strategies employed to assist vulnerable learners included the buddy system, scripture unions, boys and girls education movements and home visits. However there were also challenges of shortage of human and material resources such as counselling rooms, transport. Also none cooperation of parents still hampers psychosocial support by peer led groups. Therefore, the study concludes that there are still a lot of vulnerable learners who are not reached by peer-led groups because of the above mentioned challenges. In this light the study proposed a framework for providing psychosocial support. The study therefore, recommends that the psychosocial programme be part of the large school curriculum which has a specific budget to sustain all the identification, support and monitoring needs of the vulnerable learners and to ensure the psychosocial support strategies are successful.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
A challenge to conventional wisdom: locating agency in Angola’s and Ghana’s economic engagements with China
- Chipaike, Ronald, Bischoff, Paul, 1954-
- Authors: Chipaike, Ronald , Bischoff, Paul, 1954-
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/161537 , vital:40636 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1177/00219096187639223
- Description: This article makes the point that African states with significant strategic resources and democratic governance systems bargain better in economic and development assistance engagements with China and other partners. In democratic African states, non-state actors play critical complementary roles to the state, leading to multi-faceted forms of African agency. For non-democratic states, a significant limiting factor in their agency is the lack of working relationships between the state and non-state actors. Concomitantly, such states find themselves with weak bargaining and negotiating capacities. If African agency is to be assertive, then state and non-state actors should work together when engaging external partners.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chipaike, Ronald , Bischoff, Paul, 1954-
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/161537 , vital:40636 , https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1177/00219096187639223
- Description: This article makes the point that African states with significant strategic resources and democratic governance systems bargain better in economic and development assistance engagements with China and other partners. In democratic African states, non-state actors play critical complementary roles to the state, leading to multi-faceted forms of African agency. For non-democratic states, a significant limiting factor in their agency is the lack of working relationships between the state and non-state actors. Concomitantly, such states find themselves with weak bargaining and negotiating capacities. If African agency is to be assertive, then state and non-state actors should work together when engaging external partners.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The regulation of subsidies and regional trade among developing countries in the multilateral trading system: the case of export processing zones in Malawi
- Authors: Chirwa, Watson Pajanji
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Trade regulation -- Malawi , Subsidies -- Law and legislation -- Malawi , Southern African Development Community , Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa , Foreign trade regulation -- Malawi , Export processing zones -- Law and legislation -- Malawi
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62428 , vital:28175
- Description: The paradigm shift engaged by countries in SADC and COMESA, such as Malawi, from the use of import substitution policies which were aimed at protecting their infant industries, to export led growth strategies, necessitated these developing countries to liberalise their economies. The liberalisation of these economies meant that, for them to attain development, they needed to trade more on the international market. However, with underdeveloped industries and a lack of local entrepreneurs who could provide export supplies to fill the void created by the liberalisation policies, developing countries had to look beyond their borders for investors. In pursuit of this objective, governments have been devising ways of attracting foreign direct investment which can stimulate export growth. One of the methods employed is the granting of investment incentives to would-be investors. Unlike developed countries who provide investment incentives in the form of financial incentives, developing countries grant fiscal incentives. These are incentives that reduce tax burdens of enterprises to induce them to invest in particular projects or sectors. One of the mediums of providing the incentives adopted by the developing countries is the use of EPZ schemes. EPZs provide incentives such as exemptions of direct and indirect taxes to companies that operate in the zones. However, being Members of the WTO and SADC and/or COMESA, these countries are bound by obligations regulating trade and investment as found in these Agreements. The expectation is that the fiscal incentives employed in the EPZs do not grant subsidies that are prohibited under the SCM Agreement and rules regulating subsidies in SADC and COMESA. In addition, even though the use of EPZs is not expressly proscribed under the SADC Protocol on Trade, it may be against the objectives of the Protocol - one of which is the pursuance of the inter-jurisdictional goal of cooperation in attainment of free trade among its members. Therefore, this study assesses whether the use of EPZs by some countries in the two RTAs (particularly Malawi) is in tandem with the subsidies regulation as found in the multilateral trading system and at regional level. It also assesses whether, if there is a breach of the same, it might be justified as part of the special and differential treatment accorded to developing countries by developed countries under the WTO. The study further assesses whether the use of EPZs might be against the spirit and objects of FTAs such as SADC.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chirwa, Watson Pajanji
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Trade regulation -- Malawi , Subsidies -- Law and legislation -- Malawi , Southern African Development Community , Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa , Foreign trade regulation -- Malawi , Export processing zones -- Law and legislation -- Malawi
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62428 , vital:28175
- Description: The paradigm shift engaged by countries in SADC and COMESA, such as Malawi, from the use of import substitution policies which were aimed at protecting their infant industries, to export led growth strategies, necessitated these developing countries to liberalise their economies. The liberalisation of these economies meant that, for them to attain development, they needed to trade more on the international market. However, with underdeveloped industries and a lack of local entrepreneurs who could provide export supplies to fill the void created by the liberalisation policies, developing countries had to look beyond their borders for investors. In pursuit of this objective, governments have been devising ways of attracting foreign direct investment which can stimulate export growth. One of the methods employed is the granting of investment incentives to would-be investors. Unlike developed countries who provide investment incentives in the form of financial incentives, developing countries grant fiscal incentives. These are incentives that reduce tax burdens of enterprises to induce them to invest in particular projects or sectors. One of the mediums of providing the incentives adopted by the developing countries is the use of EPZ schemes. EPZs provide incentives such as exemptions of direct and indirect taxes to companies that operate in the zones. However, being Members of the WTO and SADC and/or COMESA, these countries are bound by obligations regulating trade and investment as found in these Agreements. The expectation is that the fiscal incentives employed in the EPZs do not grant subsidies that are prohibited under the SCM Agreement and rules regulating subsidies in SADC and COMESA. In addition, even though the use of EPZs is not expressly proscribed under the SADC Protocol on Trade, it may be against the objectives of the Protocol - one of which is the pursuance of the inter-jurisdictional goal of cooperation in attainment of free trade among its members. Therefore, this study assesses whether the use of EPZs by some countries in the two RTAs (particularly Malawi) is in tandem with the subsidies regulation as found in the multilateral trading system and at regional level. It also assesses whether, if there is a breach of the same, it might be justified as part of the special and differential treatment accorded to developing countries by developed countries under the WTO. The study further assesses whether the use of EPZs might be against the spirit and objects of FTAs such as SADC.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Exploring para-thiophenols to expand the SAR of antimalarial 3-indolylethanones
- Authors: Chisango, Ruramai Lissa
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Antimalarials , Malaria Chemotherapy , Thiols , Plasmodium falciparum , Blood-brain barrier
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63515 , vital:28428
- Description: According to the WHO, malaria is responsible for over half a million deaths annually especially in populations from disadvantaged settings. Although there has been a documented improvement in the mortality rates, malaria has proved to be a global emergency. Mostly affecting the poor population, this disease is perpetuating a vicious cycle of poverty in the developing world as current preventive measures are not adequate unless adopted in addition to effective treatment. However, there has been a worldwide increase in resistance to available treatment which presents a need for novel, affordable treatment. A study conducted in our laboratory identified two hit thiophenol containing compounds 2.24 and 2.25. These molecules provided initial insight into the SAR and potential pharmacophore of this class of compounds. We decided to further explore these compounds by making bioisosteric replacements to optimize the structure as we monitor the effect of these modifications on the anti-plasmodial activity. The synthetic pathway to form the target compounds of our study comprised of three steps which were initiated by the Friedel-Crafts acetylation of the indoles resulting in compounds 3.5 - 3.7. A bromination step followed which yielded the -bromo ketones (3.8 - 3.11). Some of the thiophenols (3.14 and 3.16) were not readily available in our laboratory and so were synthesized for the final synthetic step. This step involved the nucleophilic displacement of the -bromine to generate the -aryl substituted 3-indolylethanones (3.17 - 3.27). The thioethers displayed improved antimalarial activity from 2.24 and 2.25 against the chloroquine sensitive 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum strain. In addition, these compounds were non-toxic against HeLa cells which indicated this potential novel class of antimalarials is selective for the malaria parasite as hypothesized in the previous study conducted in our laboratory. In an attempt to predict the bioavailability of some of our compounds, in silico studies were conducted revealing that these compounds could be passively absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, a positive result for bioavailability purposes. However, results from these studies indicate that modifications of these compounds would be necessary to allow for permeation through the blood brain barrier (BBB) for instances when the patient has cerebral malaria. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacy, 2018
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chisango, Ruramai Lissa
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Antimalarials , Malaria Chemotherapy , Thiols , Plasmodium falciparum , Blood-brain barrier
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63515 , vital:28428
- Description: According to the WHO, malaria is responsible for over half a million deaths annually especially in populations from disadvantaged settings. Although there has been a documented improvement in the mortality rates, malaria has proved to be a global emergency. Mostly affecting the poor population, this disease is perpetuating a vicious cycle of poverty in the developing world as current preventive measures are not adequate unless adopted in addition to effective treatment. However, there has been a worldwide increase in resistance to available treatment which presents a need for novel, affordable treatment. A study conducted in our laboratory identified two hit thiophenol containing compounds 2.24 and 2.25. These molecules provided initial insight into the SAR and potential pharmacophore of this class of compounds. We decided to further explore these compounds by making bioisosteric replacements to optimize the structure as we monitor the effect of these modifications on the anti-plasmodial activity. The synthetic pathway to form the target compounds of our study comprised of three steps which were initiated by the Friedel-Crafts acetylation of the indoles resulting in compounds 3.5 - 3.7. A bromination step followed which yielded the -bromo ketones (3.8 - 3.11). Some of the thiophenols (3.14 and 3.16) were not readily available in our laboratory and so were synthesized for the final synthetic step. This step involved the nucleophilic displacement of the -bromine to generate the -aryl substituted 3-indolylethanones (3.17 - 3.27). The thioethers displayed improved antimalarial activity from 2.24 and 2.25 against the chloroquine sensitive 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum strain. In addition, these compounds were non-toxic against HeLa cells which indicated this potential novel class of antimalarials is selective for the malaria parasite as hypothesized in the previous study conducted in our laboratory. In an attempt to predict the bioavailability of some of our compounds, in silico studies were conducted revealing that these compounds could be passively absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, a positive result for bioavailability purposes. However, results from these studies indicate that modifications of these compounds would be necessary to allow for permeation through the blood brain barrier (BBB) for instances when the patient has cerebral malaria. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacy, 2018
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Transformations in Hlengwe ethnicity in Chiredzi, Zimbabwe, 1890 to 2014
- Authors: Chisi, Taderera Hebert
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Hlengwe (African people) -- Zimbabwe -- Chiredzi Rural District , Ethnicity -- Zimbabwe -- Chiredzi Rural District , Social constructionism , Black people -- Race identity -- Zimbabwe -- Chiredzi Rural District , Zimbabwe -- History , Imperialism -- History
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62296 , vital:28152
- Description: Studies of ethnicity have shifted from primordialism to diverse variants of social constructivism, which include instrumentalism, invention of tribalism by the colonial elite and missionaries and demotic constructivism or creation of ethnicity from below. The studies have generally generated two broad schools of thought. One school avers that African ethnicity was invented by the colonial elite and missionaries in the colonial period whilst the other and more recent asserts that ethnicity had a precolonial currency and the generality of Africans also played a key role in identity formation. Also most notable is that most studies have tended to focus on larger and more visible ethnic groups, ignoring the stories of small communities mostly found in remote border areas of modern ‘nation’ states. Using archival material, colonial records, autobiographies, oral and secondary sources, this thesis, which is largely guided by the demotic constructivist theoretical perspective examines the evolution of the ethnic identity of an ‘obscure’ Hlengwe ethnic community of the south-east lowveld of Zimbabwe from the pre-colonial period to 2014. History of the Hlengwe history has been blurred by the use of the term “Shangaan” to denote the Hlengwe, yet they were not ethnically so. A chronological approach and demotic constuctivism have been used to enable a deeper analysis of the critical historical phases, key players and processes in Hlengwe identity formation as time wore on. While we acknowledge that identity formation involves diverse players, we also focus on the role of the generally neglected commoners in the making of African ethnicity. This study differs from other works on ethnicity which focus on events of short historical phases and the role of selected elitist agents in the making of African ethnicity, by analysing the making of Hlengwe ethnicity from the precolonial to the postcolonial period. We prove that Hlengwe ethnicity was created in the pre-colonial period but did not remain static as it was perpetually reshaped by unpredictable historical events right up to 2014. The Hlengwe community was subjected to processes of social transformation over a long period of time to an extent that the one time docile, ‘uncivilised”, inward looking community bearing an identity of shame had evolved by the close of the 20th century and early 21st century to an assertive community, proud of its identity and actively seeking political, economic and cultural recognition and rights for its ‘underdog’ Hlengwe constituency in a country where diverse Shona groups andNdebele form the dominant ethnic communities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chisi, Taderera Hebert
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Hlengwe (African people) -- Zimbabwe -- Chiredzi Rural District , Ethnicity -- Zimbabwe -- Chiredzi Rural District , Social constructionism , Black people -- Race identity -- Zimbabwe -- Chiredzi Rural District , Zimbabwe -- History , Imperialism -- History
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62296 , vital:28152
- Description: Studies of ethnicity have shifted from primordialism to diverse variants of social constructivism, which include instrumentalism, invention of tribalism by the colonial elite and missionaries and demotic constructivism or creation of ethnicity from below. The studies have generally generated two broad schools of thought. One school avers that African ethnicity was invented by the colonial elite and missionaries in the colonial period whilst the other and more recent asserts that ethnicity had a precolonial currency and the generality of Africans also played a key role in identity formation. Also most notable is that most studies have tended to focus on larger and more visible ethnic groups, ignoring the stories of small communities mostly found in remote border areas of modern ‘nation’ states. Using archival material, colonial records, autobiographies, oral and secondary sources, this thesis, which is largely guided by the demotic constructivist theoretical perspective examines the evolution of the ethnic identity of an ‘obscure’ Hlengwe ethnic community of the south-east lowveld of Zimbabwe from the pre-colonial period to 2014. History of the Hlengwe history has been blurred by the use of the term “Shangaan” to denote the Hlengwe, yet they were not ethnically so. A chronological approach and demotic constuctivism have been used to enable a deeper analysis of the critical historical phases, key players and processes in Hlengwe identity formation as time wore on. While we acknowledge that identity formation involves diverse players, we also focus on the role of the generally neglected commoners in the making of African ethnicity. This study differs from other works on ethnicity which focus on events of short historical phases and the role of selected elitist agents in the making of African ethnicity, by analysing the making of Hlengwe ethnicity from the precolonial to the postcolonial period. We prove that Hlengwe ethnicity was created in the pre-colonial period but did not remain static as it was perpetually reshaped by unpredictable historical events right up to 2014. The Hlengwe community was subjected to processes of social transformation over a long period of time to an extent that the one time docile, ‘uncivilised”, inward looking community bearing an identity of shame had evolved by the close of the 20th century and early 21st century to an assertive community, proud of its identity and actively seeking political, economic and cultural recognition and rights for its ‘underdog’ Hlengwe constituency in a country where diverse Shona groups andNdebele form the dominant ethnic communities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Integration of the new development bank into the international financial architecture
- Chitenderu, Tafadzwa Thelmah
- Authors: Chitenderu, Tafadzwa Thelmah
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: World Bank , International Monetary Fund -- Developing countries Economic development -- International cooperation Financial institutions, International
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/23924 , vital:30645
- Description: The study looked at the integration of the BRICS New Development Bank into the international financial architecture. In doing so, it made use of an econometric evaluation of the impact of the loans received from the current dominant financial institutions, namely International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, on economic growth of ten self-selected African countries. Given the challenges and the failures of the Western dominated funding to African countries, it is important to ensure that the funding approach of the New Development Bank does not resemble that of the current international finance system. Using panel data and quantile regression econometric models on annual data from ten self-selected African countries that are recipients of World Bank and IMF loans from 1994 to 2014, this thesis presents a framework for the integration of the BRICS’ New Development Bank into the global financial architecture. The results obtained shows a negative and statistically significant impact of World Bank loans on Gross Domestic Product of the country under analysis and a positive statistically insignificant impact of IMF loans. Given the existing global financial institutions and the wealth of expertise at their disposal, this thesis concludes that the existing global financial structure cannot be done away with completely but the New Development Bank should rather perform a complementary role in the global finance space. Accordingly, the New Development Bank should champion a ‘post ideological rhetoric’ in the global financial architecture.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chitenderu, Tafadzwa Thelmah
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: World Bank , International Monetary Fund -- Developing countries Economic development -- International cooperation Financial institutions, International
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/23924 , vital:30645
- Description: The study looked at the integration of the BRICS New Development Bank into the international financial architecture. In doing so, it made use of an econometric evaluation of the impact of the loans received from the current dominant financial institutions, namely International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, on economic growth of ten self-selected African countries. Given the challenges and the failures of the Western dominated funding to African countries, it is important to ensure that the funding approach of the New Development Bank does not resemble that of the current international finance system. Using panel data and quantile regression econometric models on annual data from ten self-selected African countries that are recipients of World Bank and IMF loans from 1994 to 2014, this thesis presents a framework for the integration of the BRICS’ New Development Bank into the global financial architecture. The results obtained shows a negative and statistically significant impact of World Bank loans on Gross Domestic Product of the country under analysis and a positive statistically insignificant impact of IMF loans. Given the existing global financial institutions and the wealth of expertise at their disposal, this thesis concludes that the existing global financial structure cannot be done away with completely but the New Development Bank should rather perform a complementary role in the global finance space. Accordingly, the New Development Bank should champion a ‘post ideological rhetoric’ in the global financial architecture.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Phototransferred thermoluminescence of synthetic quartz: analysis of illumination-time response curves
- Chithambo, Makaiko L, Niyonzima, P, Kalita, Jitumani M
- Authors: Chithambo, Makaiko L , Niyonzima, P , Kalita, Jitumani M
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/111020 , vital:33364 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2018.02.029
- Description: Phototransferred thermoluminescence (PTTL) induced in synthetic quartz by 470 nm blue light is reported. The glow curve measured at 5 °C/s up to 500 °C after irradiation to 100 Gy shows six peaks at 94, 116, 175, 212, 280 and 348 °C labelled I through VI and another one at 80 °C (labelled A1). PTTL is only observed for peaks A1 and I and is induced at peak A1 as long as peak III has been removed by preheating and at peak I after preheating to deplete peak VI. The inducement of PTTL even when all peaks have been removed points to deep electron traps in the quartz also acting as donors in addition to the putative ones below 500 °C. The PTTL intensity as a function of duration of illumination for A1 goes through a peak and decreases monotonically or to a stable value depending on the preheating temperature. The change of PTTL intensity as a function of illumination time is described using a set of coupled linear differential equations. The number of acceptors and donors in a particular system described in this way is influenced by the preheating temperature.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chithambo, Makaiko L , Niyonzima, P , Kalita, Jitumani M
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/111020 , vital:33364 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2018.02.029
- Description: Phototransferred thermoluminescence (PTTL) induced in synthetic quartz by 470 nm blue light is reported. The glow curve measured at 5 °C/s up to 500 °C after irradiation to 100 Gy shows six peaks at 94, 116, 175, 212, 280 and 348 °C labelled I through VI and another one at 80 °C (labelled A1). PTTL is only observed for peaks A1 and I and is induced at peak A1 as long as peak III has been removed by preheating and at peak I after preheating to deplete peak VI. The inducement of PTTL even when all peaks have been removed points to deep electron traps in the quartz also acting as donors in addition to the putative ones below 500 °C. The PTTL intensity as a function of duration of illumination for A1 goes through a peak and decreases monotonically or to a stable value depending on the preheating temperature. The change of PTTL intensity as a function of illumination time is described using a set of coupled linear differential equations. The number of acceptors and donors in a particular system described in this way is influenced by the preheating temperature.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2018
Optically stimulated luminescence of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene: a study of dosimetric features
- Chithambo, Makaiko L, Kalita, Jitumani M
- Authors: Chithambo, Makaiko L , Kalita, Jitumani M
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/110035 , vital:33217 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2018.06.006
- Description: We report the dosimetric features of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) using luminescence optically stimulated using 470 nm blue light. Samples irradiated to between 1 and 1000 Gy produces luminescence that increases with irradiation dose to produce a linear dose response between 1 and 1000 Gy. The sample was determined not to be affected by pre-dose in tests using a pre-dose of 4000 Gy. This characteristic precludes the need for elaborate background erasing routines typical of dosimetry experiments. The signal has good reproducibility. We used this property to test recovery of ‘unknown’ doses with encouraging results. It was observed that luminescence can also be stimulated using 870 nm infrared light. The dose response, fading, pre-dose effect and the ability to optically stimulate luminescence from the polymer is discussed in terms of curing involving free-radicals.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chithambo, Makaiko L , Kalita, Jitumani M
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/110035 , vital:33217 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2018.06.006
- Description: We report the dosimetric features of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) using luminescence optically stimulated using 470 nm blue light. Samples irradiated to between 1 and 1000 Gy produces luminescence that increases with irradiation dose to produce a linear dose response between 1 and 1000 Gy. The sample was determined not to be affected by pre-dose in tests using a pre-dose of 4000 Gy. This characteristic precludes the need for elaborate background erasing routines typical of dosimetry experiments. The signal has good reproducibility. We used this property to test recovery of ‘unknown’ doses with encouraging results. It was observed that luminescence can also be stimulated using 870 nm infrared light. The dose response, fading, pre-dose effect and the ability to optically stimulate luminescence from the polymer is discussed in terms of curing involving free-radicals.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2018
Participation in the anti-sexual violence silent protest: a sexual citizenship perspective
- Authors: Chitiki, Elizabeth
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Sex crimes Campus violence -- South Africa -- Prevention Rape victims -- Services for -- Political aspects -- South Africa Anti-rape movement Rape -- Case studies Sexual orientation
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62917 , vital:28310
- Description: There is a growing body of research on sexual citizenship that focuses attention on gender and which bridges the gap between public and private life in order to rethink citizenship from a feminist perspective. This is in contrast to understandings of citizenship that promote policies of sexual regulation and a heteronormative ideal of citizenship. My research takes the form of a qualitative case study. Using data from two focus group discussions, fifteen personal diaries, as well as social media posts, I analyse participation in the Silent Protest, an annual anti-rape protest, through the lens of sexual citizenship. I look at how participation in the protest promotes or inhibits inclusive and process-based understandings of sexual violence and sexualities issues. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and the results of the analysis are presented into two parts. The first part of the analysis discusses the politics of affect and witnessing as two processes through which allies’ understandings of sexual violence are shaped. The second part of analysis shows that the Silent Protest contributes to people’s knowledge and understandings of sexual violence in relation to sexualities in a range of ways. Examples of inclusive understandings are: (1) insights about rape in relation to gender and heteronormative inequalities, culture and patriarchal dominance; (2) understanding of critical sexual citizenship in relation to sexual violence; and (3) understanding of politics of recognition (the need for recognition of the importance of safe spaces for formal and informal support for victim-survivors and recognition of victim-survivors’ identities). However, some of the understandings are limited to emotion and affect dynamics. In some ways, therefore, the Silent Protest fails to promote understandings significant to inclusive citizenship, including understandings of entitlements to non-discriminatory sexual health care services and legal services.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chitiki, Elizabeth
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Sex crimes Campus violence -- South Africa -- Prevention Rape victims -- Services for -- Political aspects -- South Africa Anti-rape movement Rape -- Case studies Sexual orientation
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62917 , vital:28310
- Description: There is a growing body of research on sexual citizenship that focuses attention on gender and which bridges the gap between public and private life in order to rethink citizenship from a feminist perspective. This is in contrast to understandings of citizenship that promote policies of sexual regulation and a heteronormative ideal of citizenship. My research takes the form of a qualitative case study. Using data from two focus group discussions, fifteen personal diaries, as well as social media posts, I analyse participation in the Silent Protest, an annual anti-rape protest, through the lens of sexual citizenship. I look at how participation in the protest promotes or inhibits inclusive and process-based understandings of sexual violence and sexualities issues. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and the results of the analysis are presented into two parts. The first part of the analysis discusses the politics of affect and witnessing as two processes through which allies’ understandings of sexual violence are shaped. The second part of analysis shows that the Silent Protest contributes to people’s knowledge and understandings of sexual violence in relation to sexualities in a range of ways. Examples of inclusive understandings are: (1) insights about rape in relation to gender and heteronormative inequalities, culture and patriarchal dominance; (2) understanding of critical sexual citizenship in relation to sexual violence; and (3) understanding of politics of recognition (the need for recognition of the importance of safe spaces for formal and informal support for victim-survivors and recognition of victim-survivors’ identities). However, some of the understandings are limited to emotion and affect dynamics. In some ways, therefore, the Silent Protest fails to promote understandings significant to inclusive citizenship, including understandings of entitlements to non-discriminatory sexual health care services and legal services.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and poverty reduction in Zimbabwe : the role of Official Development Assistance (ODA)
- Authors: Chivanga, Shylet Yvonne
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Economic development projects--Zimbabwe Sustainable development--Zimbabwe Poverty--Developing countries
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , Development Studies
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15605 , vital:40483
- Description: This study sought to analyse the role of official development assistance (ODA) from international developmental partnerships in reducing poverty in accordance with the aims of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Zimbabwe. A qualitative research methodology was used and interview guides were developed in order to put open-ended questions to the participants in one-on-one face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions. The data which was collected was subjected to thematic analysis. Among the findings which emerged was that the implementation of interventions to meet MDGs and reduce poverty in Zimbabwe had been hindered by both internal and external factors. Internal factors included corruption, underinvestment in industry, an untaxed underground economy, and political instability, the inconsistent implementation of policies, a weak judiciary, and excessive dependence upon ODA. Conversely, external factors included ODA which failed to enable the root causes of poverty to be tackled, attempting to remedy the symptoms of poverty rather than the real causes, the misuse of hegemonic economic and political power by foreign developmental partners, the inequitable distribution of ODA, ODA which entailed conditionalities, and soured relations with foreign donors. From the findings it was concluded that the most effective means of reducing poverty effectively in Zimbabwe lay in investing in developing internal sources of revenue. ODA should be used only to supplement interventions to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner and promote inclusive economic growth in the interests of equity. In order to generate the ODA which is needed to begin the process of economic recovery, Zimbabwe needs to re-engage with foreign developmental partners in a manner which ensures that partnerships are mutually beneficial. The injustices of the past should not be used to account for the failure to meet the MDGs and the deepening poverty in Zimbabwe, as they are not the consequences of the white minority rule of the past, but rather of present-day political ineptitude. Consequently, it is imperative that Zimbabwe should concentrate its efforts on developing the means to raise revenue for development and limit its dependence upon ODA. Holding onto the past by blaming the targeted sanctions, white minority rule, and colonialism will not enable the poverty in which many Zimbabweans in the post-independence era are mired to be meaningfully reduced through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which have superceded the MDGs to be achieved by 2030.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chivanga, Shylet Yvonne
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Economic development projects--Zimbabwe Sustainable development--Zimbabwe Poverty--Developing countries
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , Development Studies
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15605 , vital:40483
- Description: This study sought to analyse the role of official development assistance (ODA) from international developmental partnerships in reducing poverty in accordance with the aims of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Zimbabwe. A qualitative research methodology was used and interview guides were developed in order to put open-ended questions to the participants in one-on-one face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions. The data which was collected was subjected to thematic analysis. Among the findings which emerged was that the implementation of interventions to meet MDGs and reduce poverty in Zimbabwe had been hindered by both internal and external factors. Internal factors included corruption, underinvestment in industry, an untaxed underground economy, and political instability, the inconsistent implementation of policies, a weak judiciary, and excessive dependence upon ODA. Conversely, external factors included ODA which failed to enable the root causes of poverty to be tackled, attempting to remedy the symptoms of poverty rather than the real causes, the misuse of hegemonic economic and political power by foreign developmental partners, the inequitable distribution of ODA, ODA which entailed conditionalities, and soured relations with foreign donors. From the findings it was concluded that the most effective means of reducing poverty effectively in Zimbabwe lay in investing in developing internal sources of revenue. ODA should be used only to supplement interventions to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner and promote inclusive economic growth in the interests of equity. In order to generate the ODA which is needed to begin the process of economic recovery, Zimbabwe needs to re-engage with foreign developmental partners in a manner which ensures that partnerships are mutually beneficial. The injustices of the past should not be used to account for the failure to meet the MDGs and the deepening poverty in Zimbabwe, as they are not the consequences of the white minority rule of the past, but rather of present-day political ineptitude. Consequently, it is imperative that Zimbabwe should concentrate its efforts on developing the means to raise revenue for development and limit its dependence upon ODA. Holding onto the past by blaming the targeted sanctions, white minority rule, and colonialism will not enable the poverty in which many Zimbabweans in the post-independence era are mired to be meaningfully reduced through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which have superceded the MDGs to be achieved by 2030.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
A review of five international forensic reports : fingerprint evidence lessons for South African lawyers
- Authors: Chiwara, Mercy
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Fingerprints Fingerprints -- Identification Forensic sciences
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Law
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10927 , vital:35964
- Description: For more than a century fingerprint evidence has been used as a tool for the forensic identification of offenders, and has generally been accepted without being tested, challenged or scrutinized because the courts were convinced that no prints look alike or are the same. Fingerprint evidence has been used and accepted on the basis that each person’s friction ridges are unique, that the ridges are permanent and can be transferred to a surface. However, the transferability of the uniqueness raises issues that are very significant in relation to the reliability of fingerprint evidence because only a partial impression is typically transferred. Furthermore, the print can be distorted as a result of pressure and this inevitably affects the impression. Nevertheless, in recent and authoritative Reports from the United States and Scotland, criticisms are being raised against fingerprint evidence. These challenges include the fact that to date there has not been a study to validate the reliability of fingerprint individualisation, the fact that there is no specific requirement with regard as to how much constant or uniform detail between latent print and known print suffices to reach a decision of identification and the fact that there are no objective standards coupled with the problem that there is a lack of scientific validity of the method used for comparisons. This study reviews the law relating to fingerprint evidence in the light of the reports produced by the Office of the Inspector General, United States Department of Justice, Reviewing the Mayfield Case (US) in 2006, the National Academy of Sciences (US) Report in 2009, the Fingerprint Inquiry Report by Lord Campbell in Scotland in 2011, the National Institute of Standards and Technology and National Institute of Justice (US) Report in 2012, and the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology Report (US) in 2016, so as to establish lessons for South African lawyers in as far as reliability, weight and admissibility of fingerprint evidence is concerned. Finally, this study concludes that South Africa’s norm of accepting fingerprint evidence as unquestionable is problematic in law and in science and that there is a need for reform regarding the manner in which fingerprint evidence is evaluated by the courts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chiwara, Mercy
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Fingerprints Fingerprints -- Identification Forensic sciences
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Law
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10927 , vital:35964
- Description: For more than a century fingerprint evidence has been used as a tool for the forensic identification of offenders, and has generally been accepted without being tested, challenged or scrutinized because the courts were convinced that no prints look alike or are the same. Fingerprint evidence has been used and accepted on the basis that each person’s friction ridges are unique, that the ridges are permanent and can be transferred to a surface. However, the transferability of the uniqueness raises issues that are very significant in relation to the reliability of fingerprint evidence because only a partial impression is typically transferred. Furthermore, the print can be distorted as a result of pressure and this inevitably affects the impression. Nevertheless, in recent and authoritative Reports from the United States and Scotland, criticisms are being raised against fingerprint evidence. These challenges include the fact that to date there has not been a study to validate the reliability of fingerprint individualisation, the fact that there is no specific requirement with regard as to how much constant or uniform detail between latent print and known print suffices to reach a decision of identification and the fact that there are no objective standards coupled with the problem that there is a lack of scientific validity of the method used for comparisons. This study reviews the law relating to fingerprint evidence in the light of the reports produced by the Office of the Inspector General, United States Department of Justice, Reviewing the Mayfield Case (US) in 2006, the National Academy of Sciences (US) Report in 2009, the Fingerprint Inquiry Report by Lord Campbell in Scotland in 2011, the National Institute of Standards and Technology and National Institute of Justice (US) Report in 2012, and the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology Report (US) in 2016, so as to establish lessons for South African lawyers in as far as reliability, weight and admissibility of fingerprint evidence is concerned. Finally, this study concludes that South Africa’s norm of accepting fingerprint evidence as unquestionable is problematic in law and in science and that there is a need for reform regarding the manner in which fingerprint evidence is evaluated by the courts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
A review of five international forensic reports : fingerprint evidence lessons for South African lawyers
- Authors: Chiwara, Mercy
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Fingerprints Criminal investigation Forensic sciences
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10918 , vital:35963
- Description: For more than a century fingerprint evidence has been used as a tool for the forensic identification of offenders, and has generally been accepted without being tested, challenged or scrutinized because the courts were convinced that no prints look alike or are the same. Fingerprint evidence has been used and accepted on the basis that each person’s friction ridges are unique, that the ridges are permanent and can be transferred to a surface. However, the transferability of the uniqueness raises issues that are very significant in relation to the reliability of fingerprint evidence because only a partial impression is typically transferred. Furthermore, the print can be distorted as a result of pressure and this inevitably affects the impression. Nevertheless, in recent and authoritative Reports from the United States and Scotland, criticisms are being raised against fingerprint evidence. These challenges include the fact that to date there has not been a study to validate the reliability of fingerprint individualisation, the fact that there is no specific requirement with regard as to how much constant or uniform detail between latent print and known print suffices to reach a decision of identification and the fact that there are no objective standards coupled with the problem that there is a lack of scientific validity of the method used for comparisons. This study reviews the law relating to fingerprint evidence in the light of the reports produced by the Office of the Inspector General, United States Department of Justice, Reviewing the Mayfield Case (US) in 2006, the National Academy of Sciences (US) Report in 2009, the Fingerprint Inquiry Report by Lord Campbell in Scotland in 2011, the National Institute of Standards and Technology and National Institute of Justice (US) Report in 2012, and the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology Report (US) in 2016, so as to establish lessons for South African lawyers in as far as reliability, weight and admissibility of fingerprint evidence is concerned. Finally, this study concludes that South Africa’s norm of accepting fingerprint evidence as unquestionable is problematic in law and in science and that there is a need for reform regarding the manner in which fingerprint evidence is evaluated by the courts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chiwara, Mercy
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Fingerprints Criminal investigation Forensic sciences
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10918 , vital:35963
- Description: For more than a century fingerprint evidence has been used as a tool for the forensic identification of offenders, and has generally been accepted without being tested, challenged or scrutinized because the courts were convinced that no prints look alike or are the same. Fingerprint evidence has been used and accepted on the basis that each person’s friction ridges are unique, that the ridges are permanent and can be transferred to a surface. However, the transferability of the uniqueness raises issues that are very significant in relation to the reliability of fingerprint evidence because only a partial impression is typically transferred. Furthermore, the print can be distorted as a result of pressure and this inevitably affects the impression. Nevertheless, in recent and authoritative Reports from the United States and Scotland, criticisms are being raised against fingerprint evidence. These challenges include the fact that to date there has not been a study to validate the reliability of fingerprint individualisation, the fact that there is no specific requirement with regard as to how much constant or uniform detail between latent print and known print suffices to reach a decision of identification and the fact that there are no objective standards coupled with the problem that there is a lack of scientific validity of the method used for comparisons. This study reviews the law relating to fingerprint evidence in the light of the reports produced by the Office of the Inspector General, United States Department of Justice, Reviewing the Mayfield Case (US) in 2006, the National Academy of Sciences (US) Report in 2009, the Fingerprint Inquiry Report by Lord Campbell in Scotland in 2011, the National Institute of Standards and Technology and National Institute of Justice (US) Report in 2012, and the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology Report (US) in 2016, so as to establish lessons for South African lawyers in as far as reliability, weight and admissibility of fingerprint evidence is concerned. Finally, this study concludes that South Africa’s norm of accepting fingerprint evidence as unquestionable is problematic in law and in science and that there is a need for reform regarding the manner in which fingerprint evidence is evaluated by the courts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Challenges facing guardians of children with autism spectrum disorder : a case study of Buffalo City and Chris Hani, Eastern Cape
- Authors: Choocky, Peter Nomawande
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Autistic children--Family relationships--South Africa Autistic children--Education Autism spectrum disorders in children
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Social Work
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15485 , vital:40412
- Description: This study, focused on challenges facing guardians of children with autism spectrum disorder at Buffalo City Metro and Lady Frere in Chris Hani District in the Eastern Cape (South Africa). The specific objectives of the study were: investigate the challenges faced by guardians of children with autism spectrum disorder; to investigate the extent of support offered by family members, community members, and local organisations; and to assess the support services offered by professionals working with families of children with autism spectrum disorder. The study was exploratory and qualitative in nature. Semi structured interviews consisting of seventeen (17) guardians of children with autism spectrum disorder were conducted. A once off session of eight (8) different professionals who served as focus group members was also conducted as method of data collection. The study discovered the following: Poor oversight by the legislature specifically on autism spectrum disorder interventions which is a constitutional obligation, compromises key services for the vulnerable groups; the derisory personnel to deliver effective interventions to guardians of children with autism spectrum disorder; lack of coping mechanisms by guardians to deal with the situation; lack of information about autism spectrum disorder especially in rural areas; the information on autism spectrum disorder is much better in urban setup than rural areas; poor stakeholder relations result in poor service rendition; and there is minimal or no support at all from family members and general public to families of children with autism spectrum disorder. The study made the following recommendations: Resources are still benefitted more by urban dwellers and rural areas still suffer such that Chris Hani still access services in Buffalo City, a need for vibrant integrated psychosocial interventions by various stakeholders with social service practitioners being part of the team; the Department of Education in Eastern Cape to recognize homeschooling and assist in registering homeschools as alternative centers for education to benefit children with autism spectrum disorder; the Eastern Cape Legislature to establish a vibrant monitoring and evaluation sector to measure the impact of site visits for various government departments; the government should scale up resource allocation for autism related interventions; the government should tackle and practically address the imbalances of the past as resources are still in urban areas such as specialized health care facilities; the policy development on management of autism spectrum disorder is paramount; and the general public and families must be empowered so that they can support the guardians of children with autism spectrum disorder.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Choocky, Peter Nomawande
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Autistic children--Family relationships--South Africa Autistic children--Education Autism spectrum disorders in children
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Social Work
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15485 , vital:40412
- Description: This study, focused on challenges facing guardians of children with autism spectrum disorder at Buffalo City Metro and Lady Frere in Chris Hani District in the Eastern Cape (South Africa). The specific objectives of the study were: investigate the challenges faced by guardians of children with autism spectrum disorder; to investigate the extent of support offered by family members, community members, and local organisations; and to assess the support services offered by professionals working with families of children with autism spectrum disorder. The study was exploratory and qualitative in nature. Semi structured interviews consisting of seventeen (17) guardians of children with autism spectrum disorder were conducted. A once off session of eight (8) different professionals who served as focus group members was also conducted as method of data collection. The study discovered the following: Poor oversight by the legislature specifically on autism spectrum disorder interventions which is a constitutional obligation, compromises key services for the vulnerable groups; the derisory personnel to deliver effective interventions to guardians of children with autism spectrum disorder; lack of coping mechanisms by guardians to deal with the situation; lack of information about autism spectrum disorder especially in rural areas; the information on autism spectrum disorder is much better in urban setup than rural areas; poor stakeholder relations result in poor service rendition; and there is minimal or no support at all from family members and general public to families of children with autism spectrum disorder. The study made the following recommendations: Resources are still benefitted more by urban dwellers and rural areas still suffer such that Chris Hani still access services in Buffalo City, a need for vibrant integrated psychosocial interventions by various stakeholders with social service practitioners being part of the team; the Department of Education in Eastern Cape to recognize homeschooling and assist in registering homeschools as alternative centers for education to benefit children with autism spectrum disorder; the Eastern Cape Legislature to establish a vibrant monitoring and evaluation sector to measure the impact of site visits for various government departments; the government should scale up resource allocation for autism related interventions; the government should tackle and practically address the imbalances of the past as resources are still in urban areas such as specialized health care facilities; the policy development on management of autism spectrum disorder is paramount; and the general public and families must be empowered so that they can support the guardians of children with autism spectrum disorder.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The non-restoration of land: scope and ambit of section 34 of the restitution of land rights act
- Authors: Christoffels, Eugene Miles
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Restitution -- South Africa , Land reform -- South Africa Land reform -- Government policy -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/23869 , vital:30636
- Description: The land question is an emotionally-laden issue for all people across the racial divide in South Africa, albeit for different reasons land serves a variety of human needs: it creates a sense of identity, it creates wealth, imbues the owner with human dignity; it is also an axis for social cohesion and it is key to the exercise of economic and political power. South Africa is still in the throes of withdrawal symptoms as a result of a checkered colonial past, when it comes to the issue of the land. Having been dispossessed of their ancestral land by the country’s former colonial rulers, the majority of South Africans now have the yearning that the wrongs of the past be addressed, and that justice be done. Having repealed the Apartheid laws which had provided for the calculated systematic dispossession of the land and rights in land of the majority of citizens of South Africa, was and is not sufficient. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, being negotiated Constitution, which is internationally lauded, provides for a three-pronged land reform programme, namely restitution, redistribution and tenure reform. The focus of this dissertation is on the restitution leg and more specifically the issue of non-restoration which is provided for in section 34 of the RLRA 22 of 1994, as amended (the RLRA). Section 34 specifically provides that in some instances, land will not be restored to claimants even though they may satisfy the requirements for a valid claim provided for in section 25(7) of the Constitution and section 2 of the RLRA. It is submitted that it is necessary to acquire an understanding of the requirements for a restitution claim even though the land claimed may be removed from the process before a claim has been finalised, since the claimants will still have to satisfy the abovementioned requirements after a particular parcel of land or right in land has been removed from the process by a court of law. In other words, the court has made an order of non-restoration even before the claim has been finalised. Such an application for non-restoration of the land in question or rights in relation to land, may be brought by any national, provincial or local government body, in terms of section 34(1) of the RLRA, and the court will then grant such application provided the applicant has convinced the court that the two threshold requirements listed in section 34(6) have been satisfied. This dissertation outlines a number of cases which serve as practical examples of how the courts dealt with the threshold requirements contained in section 34(6). Included in this examination is the courts’ interpretation of the concepts “public interest” and “substantial prejudice”, which are contained in the requirements listed in section 34(6). This dissertation furthermore sought to determine whether the courts have adopted a broad or narrow approach to these concepts and whether the approach that the courts have adopted strikes an appropriate balance between the constitutional right to restitution and the goals underlying section 34. What is evident from the research is that, apart from the Constitutional Court in the KwaLindile case, none of the other courts provided a substantive definition of the concept “public interest”, but rather chose to refer to academic writings. It is submitted that the courts by and large appear to overlook the fact that the restitution of land and rights in land and arguably, the restoration of land, are in the public interest. While the courts do acknowledge the claimants’ rights to restitution, they downplay the importance of restoration since they argue that there is only a right to restitution and not a right to restoration, and that claimants can still be offered an alternative remedy in lieu of restoration, and in the process courts are ignorant of the fact that these other remedies do not help to change the skewed racial distribution of land in South Africa. Two factors seem to weigh heavily with the courts in favouring the granting of a section 34 order, it being the development of the land or development potential and the avoidance of the cost of a lengthy trial focusing on the restoration when there is no chance of success. It is submitted that there seems to be an over-emphasis on these factors while ignoring the fact that a person’s house is part of his identity, deserving more protection than other property, such as a shopping centre, which is not constitutive of a person’s identity. This view is espoused by Radin. Dyal-Chand postulates the idea that property is not always exclusive but can be shared. This would mean that when it comes to property like shopping centres, which she regards as quasi-public property, the courts should be more willing to grant restoration orders and thus not be so willing to grant section 34 non-restoration orders. Even though the RLRA, through section 34(5)(c) gives the courts the power to transform our colonial system of property law, it is submitted that they have largely failed to rise to this challenge. There appears to be an unwillingness to make a shift from our Roman-Dutch law past and break with our Eurocentric view of property law.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Christoffels, Eugene Miles
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Restitution -- South Africa , Land reform -- South Africa Land reform -- Government policy -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/23869 , vital:30636
- Description: The land question is an emotionally-laden issue for all people across the racial divide in South Africa, albeit for different reasons land serves a variety of human needs: it creates a sense of identity, it creates wealth, imbues the owner with human dignity; it is also an axis for social cohesion and it is key to the exercise of economic and political power. South Africa is still in the throes of withdrawal symptoms as a result of a checkered colonial past, when it comes to the issue of the land. Having been dispossessed of their ancestral land by the country’s former colonial rulers, the majority of South Africans now have the yearning that the wrongs of the past be addressed, and that justice be done. Having repealed the Apartheid laws which had provided for the calculated systematic dispossession of the land and rights in land of the majority of citizens of South Africa, was and is not sufficient. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, being negotiated Constitution, which is internationally lauded, provides for a three-pronged land reform programme, namely restitution, redistribution and tenure reform. The focus of this dissertation is on the restitution leg and more specifically the issue of non-restoration which is provided for in section 34 of the RLRA 22 of 1994, as amended (the RLRA). Section 34 specifically provides that in some instances, land will not be restored to claimants even though they may satisfy the requirements for a valid claim provided for in section 25(7) of the Constitution and section 2 of the RLRA. It is submitted that it is necessary to acquire an understanding of the requirements for a restitution claim even though the land claimed may be removed from the process before a claim has been finalised, since the claimants will still have to satisfy the abovementioned requirements after a particular parcel of land or right in land has been removed from the process by a court of law. In other words, the court has made an order of non-restoration even before the claim has been finalised. Such an application for non-restoration of the land in question or rights in relation to land, may be brought by any national, provincial or local government body, in terms of section 34(1) of the RLRA, and the court will then grant such application provided the applicant has convinced the court that the two threshold requirements listed in section 34(6) have been satisfied. This dissertation outlines a number of cases which serve as practical examples of how the courts dealt with the threshold requirements contained in section 34(6). Included in this examination is the courts’ interpretation of the concepts “public interest” and “substantial prejudice”, which are contained in the requirements listed in section 34(6). This dissertation furthermore sought to determine whether the courts have adopted a broad or narrow approach to these concepts and whether the approach that the courts have adopted strikes an appropriate balance between the constitutional right to restitution and the goals underlying section 34. What is evident from the research is that, apart from the Constitutional Court in the KwaLindile case, none of the other courts provided a substantive definition of the concept “public interest”, but rather chose to refer to academic writings. It is submitted that the courts by and large appear to overlook the fact that the restitution of land and rights in land and arguably, the restoration of land, are in the public interest. While the courts do acknowledge the claimants’ rights to restitution, they downplay the importance of restoration since they argue that there is only a right to restitution and not a right to restoration, and that claimants can still be offered an alternative remedy in lieu of restoration, and in the process courts are ignorant of the fact that these other remedies do not help to change the skewed racial distribution of land in South Africa. Two factors seem to weigh heavily with the courts in favouring the granting of a section 34 order, it being the development of the land or development potential and the avoidance of the cost of a lengthy trial focusing on the restoration when there is no chance of success. It is submitted that there seems to be an over-emphasis on these factors while ignoring the fact that a person’s house is part of his identity, deserving more protection than other property, such as a shopping centre, which is not constitutive of a person’s identity. This view is espoused by Radin. Dyal-Chand postulates the idea that property is not always exclusive but can be shared. This would mean that when it comes to property like shopping centres, which she regards as quasi-public property, the courts should be more willing to grant restoration orders and thus not be so willing to grant section 34 non-restoration orders. Even though the RLRA, through section 34(5)(c) gives the courts the power to transform our colonial system of property law, it is submitted that they have largely failed to rise to this challenge. There appears to be an unwillingness to make a shift from our Roman-Dutch law past and break with our Eurocentric view of property law.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
An endangered seahorse selectively chooses an artificial structure
- Claassens, Louw, Booth, Anthony J, Hodgson, Alan N
- Authors: Claassens, Louw , Booth, Anthony J , Hodgson, Alan N
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/123718 , vital:35486 , https://doi.10.1007/s10641-018-0732-4
- Description: The development of a residential marina estate within the Knysna estuary, South Africa, introduced Reno mattresses (horizontal wire cages filled with rocks) as a novel habitat for the endangered Knysna seahorse Hippocampus capensis. Consistently high seahorse densities on these artificial structures, despite the availability of seagrass habitat, begged the question of whether this habitat was chosen by the seahorse in preference to natural vegetation. An in situ habitat choice experiment was conducted which focused on the choice made by adult H. capensis between natural vegetation (Zostera capensis) and artificial (Reno mattress) habitat within a choice chamber. Seahorses were significantly more likely to move away from Z. capensis onto a Reno mattress structure or remain on this structure. This study concludes that higher H. capensis densities on Reno mattresses within Thesen Islands Marina are owing to some positive feature of this habitat and the underlying processes responsible for the choice made by this species (additional food, holdfasts, protection) can now be investigated.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Claassens, Louw , Booth, Anthony J , Hodgson, Alan N
- Date: 2018
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/123718 , vital:35486 , https://doi.10.1007/s10641-018-0732-4
- Description: The development of a residential marina estate within the Knysna estuary, South Africa, introduced Reno mattresses (horizontal wire cages filled with rocks) as a novel habitat for the endangered Knysna seahorse Hippocampus capensis. Consistently high seahorse densities on these artificial structures, despite the availability of seagrass habitat, begged the question of whether this habitat was chosen by the seahorse in preference to natural vegetation. An in situ habitat choice experiment was conducted which focused on the choice made by adult H. capensis between natural vegetation (Zostera capensis) and artificial (Reno mattress) habitat within a choice chamber. Seahorses were significantly more likely to move away from Z. capensis onto a Reno mattress structure or remain on this structure. This study concludes that higher H. capensis densities on Reno mattresses within Thesen Islands Marina are owing to some positive feature of this habitat and the underlying processes responsible for the choice made by this species (additional food, holdfasts, protection) can now be investigated.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018