The factors that influence the scalability of tenderpreneurs
- Authors: Ngwane, Amanda
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Entrepreneurship -- South Africa , Small business -- South Africa Corporations -- South Africa -- Growth Success in business -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/41841 , vital:36602
- Description: This study investigated the scalability of tenderpreneurs in South Africa. The South African government has invested a lot of capital towards small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), through the tender system. The unemployment trend in the country continues and is a reflection of symptoms and problems that impede the effectiveness of government initiatives such as the tender system. The main aim of this study was to establish the factors influencing the scalability of tenderpreneurs in South Africa. Further objectives intended to establish the factors that would enable tenderpreneurs to scale their businesses, to define the characteristics of a tenderpreneur in South Africa, to determine the factors that influence the growth of tenderpreneurs in South Africa and to establish the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities for and threats to the scalability of tenderpreneurs in South Africa. In order to achieve the said objectives, a sample of ten tenderpreneurs from the Ilembe District in KwaZulu-Natal, was selected from an estimated population of over 50 tenderpreneurs in the region, using the convenience sampling technique. The phenomenological paradigm was employed and qualitative research was done using the exploratory research design. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data for the study. The findings of this study characterised a tenderpreneur as an individual bent on providing requested services, engaging in competitive bidding, usually awaiting opportunities or bids, who do business with or without prior capital. In the political front, the advent of the end of the apartheid era, the emergence of the democratic movement and emancipation of the black majority contributed to the drive towards business ownership by the previously disadvantaged groups. Recommendations made included the fact that the relevant government authorities should assist in supporting the tenderpreneurs through a number of policy and political initiatives such as ensuring broader stakeholder participation, fostering established public funded partnerships, mainstreaming corporate social investment to uplift communities, enforce sustainable business practices and drive infrastructure development.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Ngwane, Amanda
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Entrepreneurship -- South Africa , Small business -- South Africa Corporations -- South Africa -- Growth Success in business -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/41841 , vital:36602
- Description: This study investigated the scalability of tenderpreneurs in South Africa. The South African government has invested a lot of capital towards small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), through the tender system. The unemployment trend in the country continues and is a reflection of symptoms and problems that impede the effectiveness of government initiatives such as the tender system. The main aim of this study was to establish the factors influencing the scalability of tenderpreneurs in South Africa. Further objectives intended to establish the factors that would enable tenderpreneurs to scale their businesses, to define the characteristics of a tenderpreneur in South Africa, to determine the factors that influence the growth of tenderpreneurs in South Africa and to establish the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities for and threats to the scalability of tenderpreneurs in South Africa. In order to achieve the said objectives, a sample of ten tenderpreneurs from the Ilembe District in KwaZulu-Natal, was selected from an estimated population of over 50 tenderpreneurs in the region, using the convenience sampling technique. The phenomenological paradigm was employed and qualitative research was done using the exploratory research design. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data for the study. The findings of this study characterised a tenderpreneur as an individual bent on providing requested services, engaging in competitive bidding, usually awaiting opportunities or bids, who do business with or without prior capital. In the political front, the advent of the end of the apartheid era, the emergence of the democratic movement and emancipation of the black majority contributed to the drive towards business ownership by the previously disadvantaged groups. Recommendations made included the fact that the relevant government authorities should assist in supporting the tenderpreneurs through a number of policy and political initiatives such as ensuring broader stakeholder participation, fostering established public funded partnerships, mainstreaming corporate social investment to uplift communities, enforce sustainable business practices and drive infrastructure development.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The factors to be considered by the competition authorities when a fine may cause the firm to exit
- Authors: Quilliam, Layne Edwin
- Date: 2021-10
- Subjects: South Africa. Competition Act, 1998 , Competition Tribunal (South Africa) , Business enterprises Law and legislation South Africa , Debt-to-equity ratio South Africa , Bankruptcy Prevention , Causation , Competition
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/188408 , vital:44751
- Description: The Competition Act empowers the Competition Tribunal to levy fines against a firm for certain contraventions of the Act. Such fines are statutorily capped to prevent the fine from causing the firm’s exit. This maximum is based on the overarching principle of fairness which precludes a fine, on its own, from destroying a firm’s business. However, the Competition Appeal Court acknowledged in 2013 that fines below this cap may still cause a firm to exit. The purpose of this paper is to propose the factors that should be considered when determining a firm’s ability to pay such a below-cap fine. These factors are the calculation of the fine, probable exit, causation of exit and the competitive effect of the firm’s exit. The fining provisions of the Act are initially explored to provide context for the discussion and are then compared to equivalent provisions in Europe. Liquidation and business rescue proceedings are then described as the most common forms of a firm’s exit from the market. Methods for determining the causal relationship between the fine and the firm’s exit are explored through delictual law’s factual and legal causation. The competitive effects of the firm’s exit are premised on the purpose of the Competition Act and are evaluated through the Competition Act’s merger provisions, specifically, the failing firm factor. These proposed factors are then tested through hypothetical facts to analyse their possible interactions and efficacy. , Thesis (LLM) -- Faculty of Law, Law, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10
- Authors: Quilliam, Layne Edwin
- Date: 2021-10
- Subjects: South Africa. Competition Act, 1998 , Competition Tribunal (South Africa) , Business enterprises Law and legislation South Africa , Debt-to-equity ratio South Africa , Bankruptcy Prevention , Causation , Competition
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/188408 , vital:44751
- Description: The Competition Act empowers the Competition Tribunal to levy fines against a firm for certain contraventions of the Act. Such fines are statutorily capped to prevent the fine from causing the firm’s exit. This maximum is based on the overarching principle of fairness which precludes a fine, on its own, from destroying a firm’s business. However, the Competition Appeal Court acknowledged in 2013 that fines below this cap may still cause a firm to exit. The purpose of this paper is to propose the factors that should be considered when determining a firm’s ability to pay such a below-cap fine. These factors are the calculation of the fine, probable exit, causation of exit and the competitive effect of the firm’s exit. The fining provisions of the Act are initially explored to provide context for the discussion and are then compared to equivalent provisions in Europe. Liquidation and business rescue proceedings are then described as the most common forms of a firm’s exit from the market. Methods for determining the causal relationship between the fine and the firm’s exit are explored through delictual law’s factual and legal causation. The competitive effects of the firm’s exit are premised on the purpose of the Competition Act and are evaluated through the Competition Act’s merger provisions, specifically, the failing firm factor. These proposed factors are then tested through hypothetical facts to analyse their possible interactions and efficacy. , Thesis (LLM) -- Faculty of Law, Law, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10
The factors which influence algal growth in the P.K. le Roux impoundment, Orange River, South Africa
- Authors: Selkirk, Wayne Thomas
- Date: 1982
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5798 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005900
- Description: Introduction: In South Africa, much of the work on algal limitation in man-made lakes has centered on nutrients rather than the possible effects of physical factors such as turbidity.In order to determine which is the most important factor in algal limitation in the turbid Orange River system, a comprehensive study of spatial and seasonal changes of the following factors was undertaken in the P.K. Ie Roux impoundment: trace elements , silicon, nitrate, phosphate, total phosphate, phytoplankton standing stock, total suspended solids, secthi disc transparency, light attenuation and the spectral quality of the light. None of the chemical factors appeared to be in short supply but the shallowness of the euphotic zone (0.8 m) had two effects. Firstly. the quantity of light in the upper 1.5 metres was extremely small due to the rapid attenuation of the light by silt. Secondly. the quality of the light was poor due to the selective screening of the shorter wavelengths of light. Once light limitation had been implicated as an important factor in the control of phytoplankton stocks a series of column experiments were used to demonstrate that increased circulation rate. and therefore a higher light dosage. would elevate the algal standing stocks without the addition of nutrients. It was demonstrated that light. as a result of the negative effects of turbidity was the principal cause of low algal standing stocks within the impoundment. and not nutrients as has previously been suggested by other workers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1982
The factors which influence algal growth in the P.K. le Roux impoundment, Orange River, South Africa
- Authors: Selkirk, Wayne Thomas
- Date: 1982
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5798 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005900
- Description: Introduction: In South Africa, much of the work on algal limitation in man-made lakes has centered on nutrients rather than the possible effects of physical factors such as turbidity.In order to determine which is the most important factor in algal limitation in the turbid Orange River system, a comprehensive study of spatial and seasonal changes of the following factors was undertaken in the P.K. Ie Roux impoundment: trace elements , silicon, nitrate, phosphate, total phosphate, phytoplankton standing stock, total suspended solids, secthi disc transparency, light attenuation and the spectral quality of the light. None of the chemical factors appeared to be in short supply but the shallowness of the euphotic zone (0.8 m) had two effects. Firstly. the quantity of light in the upper 1.5 metres was extremely small due to the rapid attenuation of the light by silt. Secondly. the quality of the light was poor due to the selective screening of the shorter wavelengths of light. Once light limitation had been implicated as an important factor in the control of phytoplankton stocks a series of column experiments were used to demonstrate that increased circulation rate. and therefore a higher light dosage. would elevate the algal standing stocks without the addition of nutrients. It was demonstrated that light. as a result of the negative effects of turbidity was the principal cause of low algal standing stocks within the impoundment. and not nutrients as has previously been suggested by other workers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1982
The failure of the Coloured Persons' Representative Council and its constitutional repercussions, 1956-1985
- Authors: Saks, David
- Date: 1992
- Subjects: South African Labour Party , Federal Coloured People's Party -- South Africa , South Africa. Parliament , South Africa -- Politics and government -- 20th century , South Africa -- Race relations , Coloured Persons Representative Council of South Africa , Colored people (South Africa) -- Politics and government , Political parties -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2624 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015907
- Description: The thesis starts by providing a brief overview of South African ''Coloured" politics from the passing of Ordinance 50 in 1828 to the removal of the Cape Coloured people from the common voter's roll in 1956. It then goes on to discuss in detail the structures instituted by successive Nationalist Governments to serve as an alternative to parliamentary representation for the coloured people, the role of the various coloured political parties within such structures and the latter's gradual adaptation and development, culminating in the inauguration of the Tricameral Parliament in early 1985. The thesis is, on the one hand, a detailed record of coloured political activity following the loss of common roll voting rights in the Cape, focusing on specifically coloured political parties rather than on broader, non-ethnic resistance movements in which many coloured people took part during the same period. This covers the rise and rapid decline of a conservative grouping within the coloured community which sought to foster an exclusively coloured nationalism operating within the Government's policy of parallel development, and attempted to use the Coloured Persons' Representative Council as a means towards achieving the economic, social and political upliftment of the coloured people. It also deals with the important role of the Labour Party after 1966, showing how a moderate resistance movement carne to use the Council as a platform from which to confront the Government's apartheid policies and to render the institutions of parallel development unworkable through noncooperation and boycotting. The second important preoccupation of the thesis concerns the ambiguous and often contradictory attitudes towards the "coloured question" within the National Party itself. This ambivalence, it is argued, not only had much to do with the eventual failure of the Coloured Persons' Representative Council to become a viable substitute for Parliamentary representation acceptable to the majority of coloured people, but was also a primary cause of the National Party split in 1982. It shows too how the collapse of Grand Apartheid had its origins in the failure to incorporate the coloured population within its framework. The thesis is concerned primarily with coloured political developments. When relevant, however, the establishment and development of representative institutions for the Indian people is also dealt with, in so far as this overlaps with issues and events concerning the coloured Council. Finally, the five year period following the dissolution of the Coloured Persons' Representative Council in 1980 and the inauguration of the Tricameral Parliament in 1985 is briefly dealt with in a concluding chapter. This mainly concerns the gradual accommodation reached between the Government and the Labour Party when the latter eventually agreed, conditionally, to take part in the new constitution.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1992
- Authors: Saks, David
- Date: 1992
- Subjects: South African Labour Party , Federal Coloured People's Party -- South Africa , South Africa. Parliament , South Africa -- Politics and government -- 20th century , South Africa -- Race relations , Coloured Persons Representative Council of South Africa , Colored people (South Africa) -- Politics and government , Political parties -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2624 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015907
- Description: The thesis starts by providing a brief overview of South African ''Coloured" politics from the passing of Ordinance 50 in 1828 to the removal of the Cape Coloured people from the common voter's roll in 1956. It then goes on to discuss in detail the structures instituted by successive Nationalist Governments to serve as an alternative to parliamentary representation for the coloured people, the role of the various coloured political parties within such structures and the latter's gradual adaptation and development, culminating in the inauguration of the Tricameral Parliament in early 1985. The thesis is, on the one hand, a detailed record of coloured political activity following the loss of common roll voting rights in the Cape, focusing on specifically coloured political parties rather than on broader, non-ethnic resistance movements in which many coloured people took part during the same period. This covers the rise and rapid decline of a conservative grouping within the coloured community which sought to foster an exclusively coloured nationalism operating within the Government's policy of parallel development, and attempted to use the Coloured Persons' Representative Council as a means towards achieving the economic, social and political upliftment of the coloured people. It also deals with the important role of the Labour Party after 1966, showing how a moderate resistance movement carne to use the Council as a platform from which to confront the Government's apartheid policies and to render the institutions of parallel development unworkable through noncooperation and boycotting. The second important preoccupation of the thesis concerns the ambiguous and often contradictory attitudes towards the "coloured question" within the National Party itself. This ambivalence, it is argued, not only had much to do with the eventual failure of the Coloured Persons' Representative Council to become a viable substitute for Parliamentary representation acceptable to the majority of coloured people, but was also a primary cause of the National Party split in 1982. It shows too how the collapse of Grand Apartheid had its origins in the failure to incorporate the coloured population within its framework. The thesis is concerned primarily with coloured political developments. When relevant, however, the establishment and development of representative institutions for the Indian people is also dealt with, in so far as this overlaps with issues and events concerning the coloured Council. Finally, the five year period following the dissolution of the Coloured Persons' Representative Council in 1980 and the inauguration of the Tricameral Parliament in 1985 is briefly dealt with in a concluding chapter. This mainly concerns the gradual accommodation reached between the Government and the Labour Party when the latter eventually agreed, conditionally, to take part in the new constitution.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1992
The failures and challenges of our schooling
- Authors: Badat, Saleem
- Date: 2009-09-20
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:7754 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015902
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009-09-20
- Authors: Badat, Saleem
- Date: 2009-09-20
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:7754 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015902
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009-09-20
The failures and challenges of our schooling and is there anything we can do?
- Authors: Badat, Saleem
- Date: 2009-10-19
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:7752 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015900
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009-10-19
- Authors: Badat, Saleem
- Date: 2009-10-19
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:7752 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015900
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009-10-19
The fairness of sanctions for misconduct dismissals
- Matoti, Kenneth Augustus Linda
- Authors: Matoti, Kenneth Augustus Linda
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Employees -- Dismissal of -- Law and legislation -- South Africa Economic sanctions -- South Africa , Unfair labor practices -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/45503 , vital:38622
- Description: The determination of the fairness of the sanction of dismissal depends on a number of factors and is also influenced by various court decisions. One of the factors which play a key role in the determination of the fairness of the sanction is substantive fairness. Substantive fairness can be described as the valid and fair reason for the sanction of dismissal. The employer can only dismiss an employee if the employer has valid and fair reason to do so. Valid refers to lawful reason and fairness involves the consideration of all factors. After this exercise the sanction of dismissal becomes the only appropriate sanction, no alternative sanction can be considered. In evaluating the substantive fairness of the sanction of dismissal, Item 7 of the Code requires the employer to consider whether a rule was in place, the employee was aware of the rule, the rule has been consistently applied and whether the employee contravened a rule or not. If this has not happened the sanction imposed by the employer will be substantively unfair.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Matoti, Kenneth Augustus Linda
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Employees -- Dismissal of -- Law and legislation -- South Africa Economic sanctions -- South Africa , Unfair labor practices -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/45503 , vital:38622
- Description: The determination of the fairness of the sanction of dismissal depends on a number of factors and is also influenced by various court decisions. One of the factors which play a key role in the determination of the fairness of the sanction is substantive fairness. Substantive fairness can be described as the valid and fair reason for the sanction of dismissal. The employer can only dismiss an employee if the employer has valid and fair reason to do so. Valid refers to lawful reason and fairness involves the consideration of all factors. After this exercise the sanction of dismissal becomes the only appropriate sanction, no alternative sanction can be considered. In evaluating the substantive fairness of the sanction of dismissal, Item 7 of the Code requires the employer to consider whether a rule was in place, the employee was aware of the rule, the rule has been consistently applied and whether the employee contravened a rule or not. If this has not happened the sanction imposed by the employer will be substantively unfair.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The family in Shakespeare's plays: a study of South African revisions
- Authors: Hjul, Lauren Martha
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Parents , Parental bonds , Family , Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616 -- In literature -- Research , Coetzee, J M, 1940-. Disgrace , Gordimer, Nadine. My son's story , Peteni, R L, 1915-. Hill of fools , English drama -- 17th century -- History and criticism , Families in literature , English literature -- History and criticism
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2181 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001832
- Description: This thesis provides a detailed consideration of the family in Shakespeare’s canon and the engagement therewith in three South African novels: Hill of Fools (1976) by R. L. Peteni, My Son’s Story (1990) by Nadine Gordimer, and Disgrace (1999) by J. M. Coetzee. The study is divided into an introduction, three chapters each addressing one of the South African novels and its relationship with a Shakespeare text or texts, and a conclusion. The introductory chapter provides an analysis of the two strands of criticism in which the thesis is situated – studies of the family in Shakespeare and studies of appropriations of Shakespeare – and discusses the ways in which these two strands may be combined through a detailed discussion of the presence of power dynamics in the relationship between parent and child in all of the texts considered. The three chapters each contextualise the South African text and provide detailed discussions of the family dynamics within the relevant texts, with particular reference to questions of authority and autonomy. The focus in each chapter is determined by the nature of the intertextual relationship between the South African novel and the Shakespearean text being discussed. Thus, the first chapter, “The Dissolution of Familial Structures in Hill of Fools” considers power dynamics in the family as an inherent part of the Romeo and Juliet genre, of which William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is but a part. Similarly, the impact of a socio-political identity, and the secrecy it necessitates, is the focus of the second chapter, “Fathers, Sons and Legacy in My Son’s Story” as is the role of Shakespeare and literature within South Africa. These concerns are connected to the novel’s use of Shakespeare’s Sonnets, King Lear, and Hamlet. In the third chapter, “Reclaiming Agency through the Daughter in Disgrace and The Tempest”, I expand on Laurence Wright’s argument that Disgrace is an engagement with The Tempest and consider ways in which the altered power dynamic between father and daughter results in the reconciliation of the father figure with society. The thesis thus addresses the tension between parental bonds and parental bondage
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Hjul, Lauren Martha
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Parents , Parental bonds , Family , Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616 -- In literature -- Research , Coetzee, J M, 1940-. Disgrace , Gordimer, Nadine. My son's story , Peteni, R L, 1915-. Hill of fools , English drama -- 17th century -- History and criticism , Families in literature , English literature -- History and criticism
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2181 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001832
- Description: This thesis provides a detailed consideration of the family in Shakespeare’s canon and the engagement therewith in three South African novels: Hill of Fools (1976) by R. L. Peteni, My Son’s Story (1990) by Nadine Gordimer, and Disgrace (1999) by J. M. Coetzee. The study is divided into an introduction, three chapters each addressing one of the South African novels and its relationship with a Shakespeare text or texts, and a conclusion. The introductory chapter provides an analysis of the two strands of criticism in which the thesis is situated – studies of the family in Shakespeare and studies of appropriations of Shakespeare – and discusses the ways in which these two strands may be combined through a detailed discussion of the presence of power dynamics in the relationship between parent and child in all of the texts considered. The three chapters each contextualise the South African text and provide detailed discussions of the family dynamics within the relevant texts, with particular reference to questions of authority and autonomy. The focus in each chapter is determined by the nature of the intertextual relationship between the South African novel and the Shakespearean text being discussed. Thus, the first chapter, “The Dissolution of Familial Structures in Hill of Fools” considers power dynamics in the family as an inherent part of the Romeo and Juliet genre, of which William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is but a part. Similarly, the impact of a socio-political identity, and the secrecy it necessitates, is the focus of the second chapter, “Fathers, Sons and Legacy in My Son’s Story” as is the role of Shakespeare and literature within South Africa. These concerns are connected to the novel’s use of Shakespeare’s Sonnets, King Lear, and Hamlet. In the third chapter, “Reclaiming Agency through the Daughter in Disgrace and The Tempest”, I expand on Laurence Wright’s argument that Disgrace is an engagement with The Tempest and consider ways in which the altered power dynamic between father and daughter results in the reconciliation of the father figure with society. The thesis thus addresses the tension between parental bonds and parental bondage
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
The family maths programme: facilitators' ability to implement inquiry-based teaching and learning with learners and parents
- Authors: Austin, Pamela Winifred
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Mathematics -- Study and teaching -- South Africa , Inquiry-based learning -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:9483 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/471 , Mathematics -- Study and teaching -- South Africa , Inquiry-based learning -- South Africa
- Description: Despite the fact that the facilitation of inquiry learning is a core methodology in the General Education and Training (GET) band of the South African National Curriculum Statement, rote learning and memorization of algorithms remains common practice in many mathematics classrooms. The inquiry-based Family Maths professional development programme, offered by the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, attempts not only to support the transformative education practices targeted by the South African National Department of Education, but also to extend them beyond the school walls to the community at large. This study investigates the extent to which the Family Maths professional development programme develops facilitators’ ability to implement inquiry-based learning. It also seeks to explore which aspects of the programme are effective in developing an inquiry-based approach. The research undertaken is an empirical study of 39 facilitators and uses both qualitative and quantitative methods. The facilitators’ inquiry beliefs and ability to implement inquiry learning was measured by means of questionnaires, observation schedules and interviews. As the ‘teacher as facilitator of inquiry-based teaching and learning’ is a requirement of all South African teachers, the findings of this research should make a meaningful contribution to the field of mathematics teacher education in the South African context.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
- Authors: Austin, Pamela Winifred
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Mathematics -- Study and teaching -- South Africa , Inquiry-based learning -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:9483 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/471 , Mathematics -- Study and teaching -- South Africa , Inquiry-based learning -- South Africa
- Description: Despite the fact that the facilitation of inquiry learning is a core methodology in the General Education and Training (GET) band of the South African National Curriculum Statement, rote learning and memorization of algorithms remains common practice in many mathematics classrooms. The inquiry-based Family Maths professional development programme, offered by the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, attempts not only to support the transformative education practices targeted by the South African National Department of Education, but also to extend them beyond the school walls to the community at large. This study investigates the extent to which the Family Maths professional development programme develops facilitators’ ability to implement inquiry-based learning. It also seeks to explore which aspects of the programme are effective in developing an inquiry-based approach. The research undertaken is an empirical study of 39 facilitators and uses both qualitative and quantitative methods. The facilitators’ inquiry beliefs and ability to implement inquiry learning was measured by means of questionnaires, observation schedules and interviews. As the ‘teacher as facilitator of inquiry-based teaching and learning’ is a requirement of all South African teachers, the findings of this research should make a meaningful contribution to the field of mathematics teacher education in the South African context.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
The fantastic subject: a visio-cultural study of Nollywood video-film
- Authors: Makhubu, Nomusa Mary
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Motion picture industry -- Nigeria , Motion pictures -- Nigeria , Supernatural in motion pictures , Art and popular culture -- Nigeria , Fantasy in motion pictures , Fantasy in art
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2516 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1021166
- Description: The increasing popularity of Nigerian video-film, defined as the ‘Nollywood phenomenon’ (Barrot 2008, Haynes 2010, Adesokan 2011), has attracted recent interdisciplinary academic attention, now known as ‘Nollywood Studies’. The aesthetics and ideological approach of Nollywood video-film are often differentiated from those of the long-established and illustrious African Cinema. Films of Africa are, however, generally characterised by seemingly unique forms of the fantastic – an uneasy theme in scholarship on Nollywood. Although Nollywood video-film is commended by some scholars, its representation of the supernatural and the fantastic is often perceived to be demeaning. Considering the complexity of fantastic themes in creative arts of Africa, this study contributes to this field of study by positioning Nollywood as an interventionist artistic practice that subverts the division between art and popular culture. Further, it considers how this positioning could shift our thinking about what constitutes art and creative practice in Africa. The distinctions between art and popular culture have been inherited from particularly Western disciplines. A critical analysis of the fantastic in Nollywood could expand interpretations of the broader uses of new media and appropriation and develop the discourse on contemporary creative practices of Africa and the parameters of the art history discipline. I interrogate the visual language of the video-film medium through a discussion of other forms of artistic media such as photography, video art, and performance art. The fantastic themes, such as ‘magic’, ‘fetishism’ and violence, conveyed through new media open up a field of questions regarding contemporary social-political dynamics. The cultural value of Nollywood video-film is often based on who makes it. As a proletarian product, Nollywood has been underestimated as a ‘low’ form of culture. Its use of appropriated material connotes the complex dialectics that formulate class difference. I consider how a positioning of video-film as a creative practice could be complicated by the fact that it also operates as a theocentric implement that is used by churches to evangelise. Moreover, I examine how ‘epic’ films construct idyllic notions of ‘ethnicity’ based on dialectics of rational/irrational or real/fantastic. Nollywood video-film also creates images of fantastic spaces. In this thesis, I address concepts of space in Nollywood from which fantastic desire is constructed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Makhubu, Nomusa Mary
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Motion picture industry -- Nigeria , Motion pictures -- Nigeria , Supernatural in motion pictures , Art and popular culture -- Nigeria , Fantasy in motion pictures , Fantasy in art
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2516 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1021166
- Description: The increasing popularity of Nigerian video-film, defined as the ‘Nollywood phenomenon’ (Barrot 2008, Haynes 2010, Adesokan 2011), has attracted recent interdisciplinary academic attention, now known as ‘Nollywood Studies’. The aesthetics and ideological approach of Nollywood video-film are often differentiated from those of the long-established and illustrious African Cinema. Films of Africa are, however, generally characterised by seemingly unique forms of the fantastic – an uneasy theme in scholarship on Nollywood. Although Nollywood video-film is commended by some scholars, its representation of the supernatural and the fantastic is often perceived to be demeaning. Considering the complexity of fantastic themes in creative arts of Africa, this study contributes to this field of study by positioning Nollywood as an interventionist artistic practice that subverts the division between art and popular culture. Further, it considers how this positioning could shift our thinking about what constitutes art and creative practice in Africa. The distinctions between art and popular culture have been inherited from particularly Western disciplines. A critical analysis of the fantastic in Nollywood could expand interpretations of the broader uses of new media and appropriation and develop the discourse on contemporary creative practices of Africa and the parameters of the art history discipline. I interrogate the visual language of the video-film medium through a discussion of other forms of artistic media such as photography, video art, and performance art. The fantastic themes, such as ‘magic’, ‘fetishism’ and violence, conveyed through new media open up a field of questions regarding contemporary social-political dynamics. The cultural value of Nollywood video-film is often based on who makes it. As a proletarian product, Nollywood has been underestimated as a ‘low’ form of culture. Its use of appropriated material connotes the complex dialectics that formulate class difference. I consider how a positioning of video-film as a creative practice could be complicated by the fact that it also operates as a theocentric implement that is used by churches to evangelise. Moreover, I examine how ‘epic’ films construct idyllic notions of ‘ethnicity’ based on dialectics of rational/irrational or real/fantastic. Nollywood video-film also creates images of fantastic spaces. In this thesis, I address concepts of space in Nollywood from which fantastic desire is constructed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
The FAST fabric objective measurement properties of commercial worsted apparel fabrics available in South Africa
- Authors: Das, Sweta
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Textile fabrics -- Testing , Textile fabrics -- Measurement , Textile fibers -- Testing , Textile design
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17814 , vital:28458
- Description: In the last few decades, there has been a shift globally towards the objective measurement of these textile fibre, yarn and fabric properties which determine processing performance and product quality. This shift is also very apparent in the objective measurement of fabric properties, particularly those relating to handle and making-up into a garment. This study was motivated by the fact that the adoption of fabric objective measurement (FOM), specifically the FAST system, will benefit the South African worsted apparel sector, as it has done in various other countries which produce high quality worsted apparel fabrics and garments. FAST is robust and portable, yet inexpensive. The main objective of the study was to develop a FAST referencing system which can be used for benchmarking by the local apparel industry and, as a basis for encouraging and persuading the industry to adopt this system of fabric quality measurement and assurance and thereby improve their product quality and international competitiveness. To achieve the main objective, involved sourcing and FAST testing a representative cross-section of commercial worsted apparel fabrics with the emphasis on wool and wool blends from the local fabric and clothing manufacturing industry, and determining how the various FAST properties were affected by factors such as fabric weave, fibre blend and weight, since this could impact on the specific nature and validity of the referencing system. A total of some 394 worsted type commercial fabrics, mainly in wool and wool blends, were sourced from, and with the inputs of, local apparel fabric and clothing manufacturers so as to ensure the local fabric and garment representative of the sample population and after which the fabrics were tested on the FAST system. ANOVA (regression analysis) was carried out on each of the FAST parameters in order to determine whether fabric weight, weave, thickness and fibre composition (pure wool and wool blends) had a statistically significant effect on them, since this is an important aspect which needs to be clarified prior to the development of a envisaged meaningful FAST system.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Das, Sweta
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Textile fabrics -- Testing , Textile fabrics -- Measurement , Textile fibers -- Testing , Textile design
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17814 , vital:28458
- Description: In the last few decades, there has been a shift globally towards the objective measurement of these textile fibre, yarn and fabric properties which determine processing performance and product quality. This shift is also very apparent in the objective measurement of fabric properties, particularly those relating to handle and making-up into a garment. This study was motivated by the fact that the adoption of fabric objective measurement (FOM), specifically the FAST system, will benefit the South African worsted apparel sector, as it has done in various other countries which produce high quality worsted apparel fabrics and garments. FAST is robust and portable, yet inexpensive. The main objective of the study was to develop a FAST referencing system which can be used for benchmarking by the local apparel industry and, as a basis for encouraging and persuading the industry to adopt this system of fabric quality measurement and assurance and thereby improve their product quality and international competitiveness. To achieve the main objective, involved sourcing and FAST testing a representative cross-section of commercial worsted apparel fabrics with the emphasis on wool and wool blends from the local fabric and clothing manufacturing industry, and determining how the various FAST properties were affected by factors such as fabric weave, fibre blend and weight, since this could impact on the specific nature and validity of the referencing system. A total of some 394 worsted type commercial fabrics, mainly in wool and wool blends, were sourced from, and with the inputs of, local apparel fabric and clothing manufacturers so as to ensure the local fabric and garment representative of the sample population and after which the fabrics were tested on the FAST system. ANOVA (regression analysis) was carried out on each of the FAST parameters in order to determine whether fabric weight, weave, thickness and fibre composition (pure wool and wool blends) had a statistically significant effect on them, since this is an important aspect which needs to be clarified prior to the development of a envisaged meaningful FAST system.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The fatigue life cycle prediction of a light aircraft undercarriage
- Authors: Erasmus, Daniel Jacobus
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Metals--Fatigue
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: vital:9614 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1527 , Metals--Fatigue
- Description: The reliability of systems relies heavily on accurate fatigue life prediction of related components. Fatigue life prediction is a complicated process requiring the correct methodology to determine accurate and reliable predictions. The Palmgren – Miner damage accumulation hypothesis is widely used in determining the fatigue life of components exposed to variable loading conditions. Modifications have been made to this hypothesis trying to achieve a greater degree of accuracy, of these the Liu – Zenner modification has been the most successful. In this report the systematic process of fatigue life prediction using the Liu – Zenner modification to achieve reliable results is calculated. A representative stress time history measured in service on the component forms the basis for defining a flight cycle which is the chosen unit in which to express the fatigue life. Rainflow cycle counting performed on the stress time history allowed the formulation of a load spectrum to which the component is exposed in one cycle. Combining the load spectrum with the developed SN curve of the component and using the Liu – Zenner modification to the Palmgren – Miner rule a reliable fatigue life in cycles is predicted.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Erasmus, Daniel Jacobus
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Metals--Fatigue
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: vital:9614 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1527 , Metals--Fatigue
- Description: The reliability of systems relies heavily on accurate fatigue life prediction of related components. Fatigue life prediction is a complicated process requiring the correct methodology to determine accurate and reliable predictions. The Palmgren – Miner damage accumulation hypothesis is widely used in determining the fatigue life of components exposed to variable loading conditions. Modifications have been made to this hypothesis trying to achieve a greater degree of accuracy, of these the Liu – Zenner modification has been the most successful. In this report the systematic process of fatigue life prediction using the Liu – Zenner modification to achieve reliable results is calculated. A representative stress time history measured in service on the component forms the basis for defining a flight cycle which is the chosen unit in which to express the fatigue life. Rainflow cycle counting performed on the stress time history allowed the formulation of a load spectrum to which the component is exposed in one cycle. Combining the load spectrum with the developed SN curve of the component and using the Liu – Zenner modification to the Palmgren – Miner rule a reliable fatigue life in cycles is predicted.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The FAWU Research Unit
- Food and Allied Workers' Union
- Authors: Food and Allied Workers' Union
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , pamphlet
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/106408 , vital:32649
- Description: The FAWU research unit has been operating in the Head Office since 1998. It has established a resource centre and has two people working in it at this time - Thandi Yoli and Viva Mtai. The unit was jointly conceived in 1996/97 by FAWU and the Labour Research Service (LRS). The relationship between the two organisations continues presently, and will last until the research unit is properly established and resourced within FAWU's head office. The LRS successfully applied for funding for the project in 1996/97 from the FNV-Holland. This money goes to paying the salaries and overhead costs incurred by the LRS for providing a senior researcher (Reza Daniels) to supervise and establish the research unit in FAWU. It is a three-year project and we are currently in the third year of the project. We are, however, going to apply for an extension of the project (to the FNV-Holland) so that it is completed by the end of the year 2000. The original aim of the project in 1996 was to assist FAWU to increase its bargaining capacity by developing a research unit that was targeted to producing sectoral reports that could assist the bargaining department. It was felt that FAWU lacked the research capacity to fully support its bargaining structures because of several factors.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Food and Allied Workers' Union
- Subjects: Uncatalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , pamphlet
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/106408 , vital:32649
- Description: The FAWU research unit has been operating in the Head Office since 1998. It has established a resource centre and has two people working in it at this time - Thandi Yoli and Viva Mtai. The unit was jointly conceived in 1996/97 by FAWU and the Labour Research Service (LRS). The relationship between the two organisations continues presently, and will last until the research unit is properly established and resourced within FAWU's head office. The LRS successfully applied for funding for the project in 1996/97 from the FNV-Holland. This money goes to paying the salaries and overhead costs incurred by the LRS for providing a senior researcher (Reza Daniels) to supervise and establish the research unit in FAWU. It is a three-year project and we are currently in the third year of the project. We are, however, going to apply for an extension of the project (to the FNV-Holland) so that it is completed by the end of the year 2000. The original aim of the project in 1996 was to assist FAWU to increase its bargaining capacity by developing a research unit that was targeted to producing sectoral reports that could assist the bargaining department. It was felt that FAWU lacked the research capacity to fully support its bargaining structures because of several factors.
- Full Text:
The feasibility of artificial recharge of the Bushmans River Mouth Aquifer
- Authors: Nickall, Enéz Sarah-Leigh
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Artificial groundwater recharge -- South Africa -- Bushmans River Estuary , Water conservation -- South Africa , Aquifer storage recovery -- South Africa -- Bushmans River Estuary
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10657 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/704 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012886 , Artificial groundwater recharge -- South Africa -- Bushmans River Estuary , Water conservation -- South Africa , Aquifer storage recovery -- South Africa -- Bushmans River Estuary
- Description: The main aim of the project is to investigate the feasibility of artificial recharge of the Bushmans River Mouth Aquifer in the Eastern Cape. The suggested method of recharge is through natural infiltration through a series of wetlands in the back dune area. The proposed site was the Klipfontein Vlei which is located just north of the Bushmans River Mouth. Artificial recharge is defined as augmenting the natural movement of surface water into underground formations by some method of construction, the spreading of water, or by artificially changing natural conditions. A variety of methods have been developed, including water spreading, recharging through pits and wells, and pumping to induce recharge from surface water bodies. The choice of a specific method is controlled by local topography, geology and soil conditions, and the quantity of water to be recharged and ultimate water usage. In special circumstances, land value, water quality, and climate play an important role. Artificial recharge is not a foreign concept to South Africa and this project is to test its feasibility in a back dune wetland area. Augering done in the study area revealed the dominance of sandy loam in the upper layers of the pans, loamy sand in the middle levels and the presence of some sand lenses in the lower reaches. Particle size analysis done by sieving and hydrometer test, showed a dominant 3f fraction. There was variation in modes in pan 1 from unimodal to bimodal to trimodal. Pan 2 showed no variation as all samples were unimodal and moderately well sorted. Infiltration tests were done by a double ring infiltrometer. These results showed that the infiltration rates of the pans became stable after 15 to 20 minutes, thus indicating that the soil had reached its saturation point. The resistivity surveys revealed a stepped water table. The inclination of the water is controlled by the predominately argillaceous horizons of the Bokkeveld Group. Based on the above results, it is recommended that the Klipfontein Vlei be used as an artificial recharge site.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
- Authors: Nickall, Enéz Sarah-Leigh
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Artificial groundwater recharge -- South Africa -- Bushmans River Estuary , Water conservation -- South Africa , Aquifer storage recovery -- South Africa -- Bushmans River Estuary
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10657 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/704 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012886 , Artificial groundwater recharge -- South Africa -- Bushmans River Estuary , Water conservation -- South Africa , Aquifer storage recovery -- South Africa -- Bushmans River Estuary
- Description: The main aim of the project is to investigate the feasibility of artificial recharge of the Bushmans River Mouth Aquifer in the Eastern Cape. The suggested method of recharge is through natural infiltration through a series of wetlands in the back dune area. The proposed site was the Klipfontein Vlei which is located just north of the Bushmans River Mouth. Artificial recharge is defined as augmenting the natural movement of surface water into underground formations by some method of construction, the spreading of water, or by artificially changing natural conditions. A variety of methods have been developed, including water spreading, recharging through pits and wells, and pumping to induce recharge from surface water bodies. The choice of a specific method is controlled by local topography, geology and soil conditions, and the quantity of water to be recharged and ultimate water usage. In special circumstances, land value, water quality, and climate play an important role. Artificial recharge is not a foreign concept to South Africa and this project is to test its feasibility in a back dune wetland area. Augering done in the study area revealed the dominance of sandy loam in the upper layers of the pans, loamy sand in the middle levels and the presence of some sand lenses in the lower reaches. Particle size analysis done by sieving and hydrometer test, showed a dominant 3f fraction. There was variation in modes in pan 1 from unimodal to bimodal to trimodal. Pan 2 showed no variation as all samples were unimodal and moderately well sorted. Infiltration tests were done by a double ring infiltrometer. These results showed that the infiltration rates of the pans became stable after 15 to 20 minutes, thus indicating that the soil had reached its saturation point. The resistivity surveys revealed a stepped water table. The inclination of the water is controlled by the predominately argillaceous horizons of the Bokkeveld Group. Based on the above results, it is recommended that the Klipfontein Vlei be used as an artificial recharge site.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
The feasibility of forming a monetary union in SADC : meeting convergence and optimum currency area criteria and evaluating fiscal sustainability
- Authors: Mokoena, Motshidisi Suzan
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Southern African Development Community Economic and Monetary Union Common Monetary Area (Organization) Economic policy -- Africa, Southern Monetary policy -- Africa, Southern Monetary unions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1073 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007743
- Description: In conformity with the goal of the African Union to build a monetary union for the entire African continent, one of the goals of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) is the formation of a monetary union with a single central bank. Towards this end certain macroeconomic convergence criteria, which are closely aligned with those used by the European Union (EU), have been set. While empirical research on whether or not SADC would benefit from the formation of a currency union has focused on the optimum currency area criteria, no reference to these criteria is made in the SADC programme. Instead, the SADC approach has been governed by a set of macroeconomic convergence criteria synonymous with those pursued by the European Monetary Union (EMU) prior to its formation. Doubts regarding the future of the EU have recently been raised as a result of debt crises in certain member states, implicitly raising questions about the adequacy of the convergence criteria that were adopted. Accordingly, this study considers the feasibility of establishing a currency union in the SADC region. The proposed convergence criteria are assessed against the theory of optimum currency areas as well as in terms of their adequacy in the light of recent EU experience. In addition, the paper provides a preliminary assessment of the fiscal sustainability of the SADC region by conducting Engle-Granger cointegration tests on the public debt and revenue series for the SADC countries under analysis. It was observed that SADC has made considerable progress towards meeting its macroeconomic convergence criteria in recent years. However, in light of the regions' heavy dependence on commodity exports coupled with recent price fluctuations in this regard, the sustainability of this progress is questioned. Furthermore, a review of the EMU experience to date highlights numerous flaws in its approach and the potential challenges the SADC region should consider in moving forward with its agenda. In essence, the study suggests that almost all the SADC member states are fiscally unprepared for monetary union formation and the recent EMU debt crisis has highlighted the importance of acquiring a state of fiscal sustainability prior to union formation. In addition, it is imperative that the SADC members continue to address issues of product diversification, intraregional trade and political unification, all of which should be governed by a centralised fiscal authoriry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Mokoena, Motshidisi Suzan
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Southern African Development Community Economic and Monetary Union Common Monetary Area (Organization) Economic policy -- Africa, Southern Monetary policy -- Africa, Southern Monetary unions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1073 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007743
- Description: In conformity with the goal of the African Union to build a monetary union for the entire African continent, one of the goals of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) is the formation of a monetary union with a single central bank. Towards this end certain macroeconomic convergence criteria, which are closely aligned with those used by the European Union (EU), have been set. While empirical research on whether or not SADC would benefit from the formation of a currency union has focused on the optimum currency area criteria, no reference to these criteria is made in the SADC programme. Instead, the SADC approach has been governed by a set of macroeconomic convergence criteria synonymous with those pursued by the European Monetary Union (EMU) prior to its formation. Doubts regarding the future of the EU have recently been raised as a result of debt crises in certain member states, implicitly raising questions about the adequacy of the convergence criteria that were adopted. Accordingly, this study considers the feasibility of establishing a currency union in the SADC region. The proposed convergence criteria are assessed against the theory of optimum currency areas as well as in terms of their adequacy in the light of recent EU experience. In addition, the paper provides a preliminary assessment of the fiscal sustainability of the SADC region by conducting Engle-Granger cointegration tests on the public debt and revenue series for the SADC countries under analysis. It was observed that SADC has made considerable progress towards meeting its macroeconomic convergence criteria in recent years. However, in light of the regions' heavy dependence on commodity exports coupled with recent price fluctuations in this regard, the sustainability of this progress is questioned. Furthermore, a review of the EMU experience to date highlights numerous flaws in its approach and the potential challenges the SADC region should consider in moving forward with its agenda. In essence, the study suggests that almost all the SADC member states are fiscally unprepared for monetary union formation and the recent EMU debt crisis has highlighted the importance of acquiring a state of fiscal sustainability prior to union formation. In addition, it is imperative that the SADC members continue to address issues of product diversification, intraregional trade and political unification, all of which should be governed by a centralised fiscal authoriry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
The feasibility of monetary integration within the SADC region
- Authors: Nindi, Angelique Gugulethu
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Southern African Development Community Monetary policy -- Africa, Southern Macroeconomics Africa, Southern -- Economic policy
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1021 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002756
- Description: The Southern African Development Community (SADC) aims to have a regional central bank by 2016 and a common currency by 2018. The member states are at the early stages of the process of regional economic integration, having launched a free trade area in 2008. Monetary integration is an advanced stage of regional economic integration that requires progressive changes in the participating countries. The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of monetary integration within the SADC countries and hence, provide policy recommendations to guide the integration process. To accomplish this, the study analyses the extent to which the member states meet the criteria for an optimum currency area (OCA) as well as the degree to which their economies are converging. The study finds that the main macroeconomic objectives of SADC countries differ due to a difference in the relative importance of monetary policy instruments in member states, which influences each country’s commitment towards achieving the macroeconomic convergence targets and harmonising policies. A more appropriate approach to macroeconomic convergence would be to allow for variable speed, geometry and depth in each country as premature adherence to convergence targets could prevent a harmonisation of the economies in the future and possibly destabilise the union. In addition, the study investigates the importance and similarities of the monetary aggregate channel, the interest rate channel, the exchange rate channel and the credit channel in the transmission of monetary policy using VAR analysis. This is important when considering monetary integration because differences in transmission mechanisms can result in asymmetric behaviour between member states, which in turn will prevent harmonisation of their economies. The results of the analysis suggest that SADC member states display asymmetries in their responses to monetary policy shocks as well as the relative importance of transmission mechanisms. In addition, the results suggest that national monetary policy is generally inefficient in determining economic performance in the member states. Furthermore, the study finds that the failure to meet the OCA criteria implies that the SADC member states will respond asymmetrically to shocks within a monetary union. With no effective alternative adjustment mechanisms in place, the effects of the shocks will endure in union members and possibly widen existing cyclical variation. Hence, monetary integration would not result in harmonisation of the economies of member states. It is therefore, concluded that the SADC countries were not suitable for monetary integration at present.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Nindi, Angelique Gugulethu
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Southern African Development Community Monetary policy -- Africa, Southern Macroeconomics Africa, Southern -- Economic policy
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1021 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002756
- Description: The Southern African Development Community (SADC) aims to have a regional central bank by 2016 and a common currency by 2018. The member states are at the early stages of the process of regional economic integration, having launched a free trade area in 2008. Monetary integration is an advanced stage of regional economic integration that requires progressive changes in the participating countries. The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of monetary integration within the SADC countries and hence, provide policy recommendations to guide the integration process. To accomplish this, the study analyses the extent to which the member states meet the criteria for an optimum currency area (OCA) as well as the degree to which their economies are converging. The study finds that the main macroeconomic objectives of SADC countries differ due to a difference in the relative importance of monetary policy instruments in member states, which influences each country’s commitment towards achieving the macroeconomic convergence targets and harmonising policies. A more appropriate approach to macroeconomic convergence would be to allow for variable speed, geometry and depth in each country as premature adherence to convergence targets could prevent a harmonisation of the economies in the future and possibly destabilise the union. In addition, the study investigates the importance and similarities of the monetary aggregate channel, the interest rate channel, the exchange rate channel and the credit channel in the transmission of monetary policy using VAR analysis. This is important when considering monetary integration because differences in transmission mechanisms can result in asymmetric behaviour between member states, which in turn will prevent harmonisation of their economies. The results of the analysis suggest that SADC member states display asymmetries in their responses to monetary policy shocks as well as the relative importance of transmission mechanisms. In addition, the results suggest that national monetary policy is generally inefficient in determining economic performance in the member states. Furthermore, the study finds that the failure to meet the OCA criteria implies that the SADC member states will respond asymmetrically to shocks within a monetary union. With no effective alternative adjustment mechanisms in place, the effects of the shocks will endure in union members and possibly widen existing cyclical variation. Hence, monetary integration would not result in harmonisation of the economies of member states. It is therefore, concluded that the SADC countries were not suitable for monetary integration at present.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
The feasibility of prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD in low-and middle-income countries: a review
- Booysen, Duane D, Kagee, Ashraf
- Authors: Booysen, Duane D , Kagee, Ashraf
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/148505 , vital:38745 , DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1753941
- Description: There is a need in the global south to evaluate and implement empirically supported psychological interventions to ameliorate symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Empirically supported treatments (ESTs) have increasingly been developed and implemented, yet the majority people in the global south do not have access to these treatments for mental disorders such as PTSD. Prolonged exposure therapy has accrued substantial empirical evidence to show it as an effective treatment for PTSD. Research on the effectiveness and acceptability of prolonged exposure in a low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are sparse. This brief report presents a review of prolonged exposure (PE) therapy and its feasibility as a trauma therapy for PTSD in LMICs. First, we present a brief overview of PE as a first-line treatment for PTSD. Second, using South Africa as a case example, we present a brief overview of traumatic stress in South Africa and how mental healthcare has developed since the abolishment of apartheid in 1994. Lastly, we discuss the challenges pertaining to the dissemination and implementation of PE in LMICs and propose future perspectives regarding the implementation of ESTs such as PE in LMICs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Booysen, Duane D , Kagee, Ashraf
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/148505 , vital:38745 , DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1753941
- Description: There is a need in the global south to evaluate and implement empirically supported psychological interventions to ameliorate symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Empirically supported treatments (ESTs) have increasingly been developed and implemented, yet the majority people in the global south do not have access to these treatments for mental disorders such as PTSD. Prolonged exposure therapy has accrued substantial empirical evidence to show it as an effective treatment for PTSD. Research on the effectiveness and acceptability of prolonged exposure in a low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are sparse. This brief report presents a review of prolonged exposure (PE) therapy and its feasibility as a trauma therapy for PTSD in LMICs. First, we present a brief overview of PE as a first-line treatment for PTSD. Second, using South Africa as a case example, we present a brief overview of traumatic stress in South Africa and how mental healthcare has developed since the abolishment of apartheid in 1994. Lastly, we discuss the challenges pertaining to the dissemination and implementation of PE in LMICs and propose future perspectives regarding the implementation of ESTs such as PE in LMICs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
The feasibility of reintroducing African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) into the Great Fish River Nature Reserve, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Page, Samantha Karin
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Great Fish River Nature Reserve (South Africa) , African wild dog -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Population biology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , African wild dog -- Reintroduction -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , African wild dog -- Population viability analysis -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5915 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016078
- Description: With a declining population of roughly 3000-5000 individuals in Africa, African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) are one of the most endangered carnivores in the world. As the global human population expands, it is becoming increasingly unlikely that large portions of land will be set aside for conservation, especially in developing countries. Thus, recent wild dog conservation efforts in South Africa have concentrated on establishing a managed metapopulation. A metapopulation is a group of geographically isolated subpopulations of a species that are managed (using supplementation and harvesting) to mimic natural gene flow. The Great Fish River Nature Reserve (GFRNR) in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa has been identified as a potential reserve to become part of the national wild dog metapopulation. My research aimed to conduct a feasibility assessment of the long-term (~ 25 years) success of a wild dog reintroduction into the GFRNR. This assessment included biological modelling of wild dogs and their expected prey, and determining the potential anthropogenic threats to wild dogs on the private and communal land surrounding the reserve. I used VORTEX population modelling and determined that the GFRNR is likely to have a wild dog carrying capacity of ~22 individuals. Using a 25-year modelling simulation, the most appropriate wild dog reintroduction scenario would be to reintroduce six females and four males initially and supplement the population with one female and two males in years 3, 10, 15 and 23. In addition, the harvesting/removal of one male and one female in years 10 and 20 would be required to ensure 100% population persistence and adequate genetic diversity. Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are expected to be the two most important prey species for reintroduced wild dogs in the GFRNR. Furthermore, wild dogs are likely to prefer the north-western and south-western sectors of the reserve because of the relatively high prey densities in these areas. However, regular monitoring of both the potential prey and the wild dog populations is essential to ensure persistence of the wild dogs and to prevent prey populations decreasing precipitously. Using structured questionnaire interviews (n = 128), I found that while neighbouring land owners and local communities were generally positive about the potential wild dog reintroduction (56 % of all respondents), several threats to wild dogs were identified along the reserve boundary and on the adjoining unprotected land. Some private landowners and members of rural communities around the reserve (34 %) stated that they would kill any wild dogs that dispersed onto their land. In addition, some respondents (8 %) admitted to believing in traditional uses for wild dog products (e.g. fur) which could result in the illegal killing of wild dogs outside of the GFRNR for traditional purposes. Poaching and the presence of unvaccinated domestic dogs on neighbouring land were also identified as being potential threats to a reintroduced wild dog population. However, such anthropogenic threats appear to be localised to the western and southern boundaries of the reserve. Therefore, by implementing preventative measures (such as anti-snare collars, anti-poaching patrols and vaccination against rabies and canine distemper) the likelihood of such threats occurring can be reduced. I conclude that the GFRNR can sustain a population of wild dogs and successfully contribute to South Africa‘s national metapopulation. An additional reserve will benefit the country‘s metapopulation by increasing the number of wild dogs available for translocation, thereby increasing genetic diversity and overall resilience (to environmental change, disease etc.) of South Africa‘s wild dog population. This will contribute towards the future conservation of this endangered species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Page, Samantha Karin
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Great Fish River Nature Reserve (South Africa) , African wild dog -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Population biology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , African wild dog -- Reintroduction -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , African wild dog -- Population viability analysis -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5915 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016078
- Description: With a declining population of roughly 3000-5000 individuals in Africa, African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) are one of the most endangered carnivores in the world. As the global human population expands, it is becoming increasingly unlikely that large portions of land will be set aside for conservation, especially in developing countries. Thus, recent wild dog conservation efforts in South Africa have concentrated on establishing a managed metapopulation. A metapopulation is a group of geographically isolated subpopulations of a species that are managed (using supplementation and harvesting) to mimic natural gene flow. The Great Fish River Nature Reserve (GFRNR) in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa has been identified as a potential reserve to become part of the national wild dog metapopulation. My research aimed to conduct a feasibility assessment of the long-term (~ 25 years) success of a wild dog reintroduction into the GFRNR. This assessment included biological modelling of wild dogs and their expected prey, and determining the potential anthropogenic threats to wild dogs on the private and communal land surrounding the reserve. I used VORTEX population modelling and determined that the GFRNR is likely to have a wild dog carrying capacity of ~22 individuals. Using a 25-year modelling simulation, the most appropriate wild dog reintroduction scenario would be to reintroduce six females and four males initially and supplement the population with one female and two males in years 3, 10, 15 and 23. In addition, the harvesting/removal of one male and one female in years 10 and 20 would be required to ensure 100% population persistence and adequate genetic diversity. Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are expected to be the two most important prey species for reintroduced wild dogs in the GFRNR. Furthermore, wild dogs are likely to prefer the north-western and south-western sectors of the reserve because of the relatively high prey densities in these areas. However, regular monitoring of both the potential prey and the wild dog populations is essential to ensure persistence of the wild dogs and to prevent prey populations decreasing precipitously. Using structured questionnaire interviews (n = 128), I found that while neighbouring land owners and local communities were generally positive about the potential wild dog reintroduction (56 % of all respondents), several threats to wild dogs were identified along the reserve boundary and on the adjoining unprotected land. Some private landowners and members of rural communities around the reserve (34 %) stated that they would kill any wild dogs that dispersed onto their land. In addition, some respondents (8 %) admitted to believing in traditional uses for wild dog products (e.g. fur) which could result in the illegal killing of wild dogs outside of the GFRNR for traditional purposes. Poaching and the presence of unvaccinated domestic dogs on neighbouring land were also identified as being potential threats to a reintroduced wild dog population. However, such anthropogenic threats appear to be localised to the western and southern boundaries of the reserve. Therefore, by implementing preventative measures (such as anti-snare collars, anti-poaching patrols and vaccination against rabies and canine distemper) the likelihood of such threats occurring can be reduced. I conclude that the GFRNR can sustain a population of wild dogs and successfully contribute to South Africa‘s national metapopulation. An additional reserve will benefit the country‘s metapopulation by increasing the number of wild dogs available for translocation, thereby increasing genetic diversity and overall resilience (to environmental change, disease etc.) of South Africa‘s wild dog population. This will contribute towards the future conservation of this endangered species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
The feasibility of starting a dating company in South Africa
- Bezuidenhout, Jacques Du Mont
- Authors: Bezuidenhout, Jacques Du Mont
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Online dating -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8686 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1114 , Online dating -- South Africa
- Description: The purpose of the research is to determine the feasibility of starting a dating company, which focuses specifically on the South African market. Further sub problems were defined as follow: • Which South Africans would use a dating service, that is, who will be the main customers? • Is there specifically identifiable information that can help to recognise customers? Or can a profile be created for to identify customers? • How much are the customers willing to pay? • Does or can technology play a role in in courtship? The role of technology was investigated, in which it was found that globalisation affects everyone. One of the core factors that caused many other technologies to evolve from it, is the Internet. The intranet was a natural evolution from the Internet, which is normally specific to a company. A further literature survey was conducted to gain an understanding of dating companies globally and locally, to gain an understanding of the subject, which was used to create a questionnaire. The questionnaire reached a 120 participants, with 52 participants responding, which relates to a response rate of 43.3 percent. The questionnaire produces 37 variables, which were correlated, and as a result it was recommended that it is feasible to start a dating company in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Bezuidenhout, Jacques Du Mont
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Online dating -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8686 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1114 , Online dating -- South Africa
- Description: The purpose of the research is to determine the feasibility of starting a dating company, which focuses specifically on the South African market. Further sub problems were defined as follow: • Which South Africans would use a dating service, that is, who will be the main customers? • Is there specifically identifiable information that can help to recognise customers? Or can a profile be created for to identify customers? • How much are the customers willing to pay? • Does or can technology play a role in in courtship? The role of technology was investigated, in which it was found that globalisation affects everyone. One of the core factors that caused many other technologies to evolve from it, is the Internet. The intranet was a natural evolution from the Internet, which is normally specific to a company. A further literature survey was conducted to gain an understanding of dating companies globally and locally, to gain an understanding of the subject, which was used to create a questionnaire. The questionnaire reached a 120 participants, with 52 participants responding, which relates to a response rate of 43.3 percent. The questionnaire produces 37 variables, which were correlated, and as a result it was recommended that it is feasible to start a dating company in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
The feasibility of stock enhancement as a management tool for dusky kob (Argyrosomus japonicus) in South Africa
- Authors: Palmer, Ryan Michael
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Argyrosomus -- South Africa , Argyrosomus -- Genetics , Fishery management -- South Africa , Fish stocking -- South Africa , Fisheries -- South Africa , Marine ecology -- South Africa , Fish culture -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5281 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005125 , Argyrosomus -- South Africa , Argyrosomus -- Genetics , Fishery management -- South Africa , Fish stocking -- South Africa , Fisheries -- South Africa , Marine ecology -- South Africa , Fish culture -- South Africa
- Description: The dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus, is a popular South African “line fish” whose stocks have dwindled to dangerously low levels of between 1% and 4.5% of pristine spawner biomass per recruit. A. japonicus stocks are currently managed by means of minimum size restrictions and daily bag limits, and as a result of the inability of these measures to facilitate the recovery of the species over a realistic time frame, the need for an alternative management plan has become apparent. Given the status of the stock and management regime, stock enhancement appears to be an appropriate option to be investigated. This study evaluates the feasibility of stock enhancement as a possible management tool to assist with the recovery of this important South African linefish species. By evaluating the genetic and ecological implications related to stock enhancement, identifying a suitable tagging method for post-release monitoring, and evaluating the economic feasibility of such a programme, any fatal flaws would become immediately apparent. This coupled with the required framework for the development of a management plan for stock enhancement of A. japonicus provides direction further research and actions required in order to utilise stock enhancement as a management tool. Due to the nature of stock enhancement, there are several ecological and genetic issues that arise from such a programme. These issues were reviewed and the issues that were relevant to stock enhancement of A. japonicus identified. Ecological concerns that arose included those of competition, disease and seed quality, while genetic issues were concerned mainly in the possible loss of genetic variability and consequent reduction in fitness of the stock. Fortunately the technology exists to evaluate the effects and likelihood of these problems occurring as well as to minimise the likelihood of them occurring. By taking a scientific approach to stock enhancement, hatchery management, and release strategies can be manipulated in such a way as to minimise any negative effects that may be caused. Both ecological and genetic effects of stocking indicate a need for post-release monitoring of stock enhancement programmes. Stock enhancement requires a post-release monitoring programme, which in turn relies on an ability to distinguish between hatchery reared and wild fish. A study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of coded wire tags (CWT), visual implant fluorescent elastomers (VIFE), and oxytetracycline (OTC) as a means of distinguishing between hatchery reared and wild A. japonicus, for the purpose of a post-release monitoring programme. OTC appeared to be the most suitable as it produced 100% retention over a five month period compared to 62% and 61% for VIFE and CWT respectively. OTC is therefore suggested as a tagging method for the purpose of post-release monitoring of the stock enhancement of A. japonicus. To evaluate a possible funding option for stock enhancement of A. japonicus in South Africa, a willingness-to-pay survey, based on a “user pays” approach using recreational fishing permits as a vehicle for payment, included 102 recreational anglers in the Plettenberg Bay area. The survey showed that generally anglers were willing to pay more than the current amount for the recreational fishing permit. This promising result, coupled with the fact that there are approximately 450 000 recreational anglers leads to the belief that there is potential for a substantial increase in the funds generated for the Marine Living Resources Fund through recreational anglers. Stock enhancement should not be ruled out on the basis of economic feasibility yet as there is potential for it to be sustained by the users of the resource. An A. japonicus juvenile production costing model was created taking into account setup and running costs of a hatchery for A. japonicus, based on known parameters from existing facilities, and adjusting them to meet the requirements of a stock enhancement facility. Estimates varied according to the number and size of fish for release (values which can only be decided upon after further research), with setup estimated to be between R 10 000 000 and R 30 000 000 and annual running costs between R 2 400 000 and R 6 700 000 annually. These figures were dependant on the size and number of fish being produced, with production ranging between 100 000 and 5 000 000 fish of between 50 mm and 150 mm, and a broodstock of 150 individuals. Given the need for alternative management of A. japonicus in South Africa and the lack of evidence to suggest that it is an unfeasible option, this project has found no reason why further investigation into the use of stock enhancement for the management of A. japonicus should not proceed further provided the fishery is shown to be recruit limited. The technology and ability to overcome possible ecological and genetic problems exists, a suitable means of tagging for post-release monitoring exists, as does a realistic funding option. There is a substantial amount of research that must be done prior to stocking, for which a base framework is provided.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
- Authors: Palmer, Ryan Michael
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Argyrosomus -- South Africa , Argyrosomus -- Genetics , Fishery management -- South Africa , Fish stocking -- South Africa , Fisheries -- South Africa , Marine ecology -- South Africa , Fish culture -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5281 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005125 , Argyrosomus -- South Africa , Argyrosomus -- Genetics , Fishery management -- South Africa , Fish stocking -- South Africa , Fisheries -- South Africa , Marine ecology -- South Africa , Fish culture -- South Africa
- Description: The dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus, is a popular South African “line fish” whose stocks have dwindled to dangerously low levels of between 1% and 4.5% of pristine spawner biomass per recruit. A. japonicus stocks are currently managed by means of minimum size restrictions and daily bag limits, and as a result of the inability of these measures to facilitate the recovery of the species over a realistic time frame, the need for an alternative management plan has become apparent. Given the status of the stock and management regime, stock enhancement appears to be an appropriate option to be investigated. This study evaluates the feasibility of stock enhancement as a possible management tool to assist with the recovery of this important South African linefish species. By evaluating the genetic and ecological implications related to stock enhancement, identifying a suitable tagging method for post-release monitoring, and evaluating the economic feasibility of such a programme, any fatal flaws would become immediately apparent. This coupled with the required framework for the development of a management plan for stock enhancement of A. japonicus provides direction further research and actions required in order to utilise stock enhancement as a management tool. Due to the nature of stock enhancement, there are several ecological and genetic issues that arise from such a programme. These issues were reviewed and the issues that were relevant to stock enhancement of A. japonicus identified. Ecological concerns that arose included those of competition, disease and seed quality, while genetic issues were concerned mainly in the possible loss of genetic variability and consequent reduction in fitness of the stock. Fortunately the technology exists to evaluate the effects and likelihood of these problems occurring as well as to minimise the likelihood of them occurring. By taking a scientific approach to stock enhancement, hatchery management, and release strategies can be manipulated in such a way as to minimise any negative effects that may be caused. Both ecological and genetic effects of stocking indicate a need for post-release monitoring of stock enhancement programmes. Stock enhancement requires a post-release monitoring programme, which in turn relies on an ability to distinguish between hatchery reared and wild fish. A study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of coded wire tags (CWT), visual implant fluorescent elastomers (VIFE), and oxytetracycline (OTC) as a means of distinguishing between hatchery reared and wild A. japonicus, for the purpose of a post-release monitoring programme. OTC appeared to be the most suitable as it produced 100% retention over a five month period compared to 62% and 61% for VIFE and CWT respectively. OTC is therefore suggested as a tagging method for the purpose of post-release monitoring of the stock enhancement of A. japonicus. To evaluate a possible funding option for stock enhancement of A. japonicus in South Africa, a willingness-to-pay survey, based on a “user pays” approach using recreational fishing permits as a vehicle for payment, included 102 recreational anglers in the Plettenberg Bay area. The survey showed that generally anglers were willing to pay more than the current amount for the recreational fishing permit. This promising result, coupled with the fact that there are approximately 450 000 recreational anglers leads to the belief that there is potential for a substantial increase in the funds generated for the Marine Living Resources Fund through recreational anglers. Stock enhancement should not be ruled out on the basis of economic feasibility yet as there is potential for it to be sustained by the users of the resource. An A. japonicus juvenile production costing model was created taking into account setup and running costs of a hatchery for A. japonicus, based on known parameters from existing facilities, and adjusting them to meet the requirements of a stock enhancement facility. Estimates varied according to the number and size of fish for release (values which can only be decided upon after further research), with setup estimated to be between R 10 000 000 and R 30 000 000 and annual running costs between R 2 400 000 and R 6 700 000 annually. These figures were dependant on the size and number of fish being produced, with production ranging between 100 000 and 5 000 000 fish of between 50 mm and 150 mm, and a broodstock of 150 individuals. Given the need for alternative management of A. japonicus in South Africa and the lack of evidence to suggest that it is an unfeasible option, this project has found no reason why further investigation into the use of stock enhancement for the management of A. japonicus should not proceed further provided the fishery is shown to be recruit limited. The technology and ability to overcome possible ecological and genetic problems exists, a suitable means of tagging for post-release monitoring exists, as does a realistic funding option. There is a substantial amount of research that must be done prior to stocking, for which a base framework is provided.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008