Educators' perceptions of inclusive education for learners with physical disabilities
- Authors: Mpu, Nondumiso Yolanda
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: People with disabilities -- Education -- South Africa Inclusive education -- South Africa Disability studies -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9401 , vital:34346
- Description: There is a grave concern that in South Africa, the total population of learners between the ages of 5 and 18 was estimated at approximately 14.6 million – of which near 1,000,000 are disabled. The record in addition to this regard estimates that the wide variety of children with disabilities who are of school‐going age, yet are out of school, could be as high as half a million. The motives why disabled children are not attending school are manifold; however paramount among them is that their needs are not catered for. Inclusive education entails changing values, attitudes of people, specifically of educators and learners, policies and the practices inside schools. Since post apartheid there is only one known policy which reveals that only 20 percent of learners with disabilities were accommodated in special schools. Current statistics show that only about 64,200 learners with disabilities or impairments are accommodated in about 380 special schools. This indicates that, potentially, 280,000 learners with disabilities or impairments are unaccounted for. Analysis of the data reveals the extent of the disparities in provision for learners with disabilities, for example: The incidence of disabilities in the Eastern Cape constitutes 17.39 percent of the disabled population, yet the province has only 10.79 percent of the total number of special schools. Gauteng has 17.14 percent of the disabled population but has 25.26 percent of the schools. The Western Cape has 5.47 percent of the disabled population but has 21.58 percent of the schools. This mismatch between needs and provision is a direct result of previous apartheid policies that allocated facilities on a racial basis. Inclusive education calls for an education system, which does no longer discriminate, however welcomes all individuals, providing support and services so that every child benefits equally in mainstream schools around their regions as only 41 special schools are in the Eastern Cape. Educator perceptions as the key personnel in the inclusion and in the implementation of policies related with classroom related issued play centre stage and need to be considered.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Mpu, Nondumiso Yolanda
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: People with disabilities -- Education -- South Africa Inclusive education -- South Africa Disability studies -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9401 , vital:34346
- Description: There is a grave concern that in South Africa, the total population of learners between the ages of 5 and 18 was estimated at approximately 14.6 million – of which near 1,000,000 are disabled. The record in addition to this regard estimates that the wide variety of children with disabilities who are of school‐going age, yet are out of school, could be as high as half a million. The motives why disabled children are not attending school are manifold; however paramount among them is that their needs are not catered for. Inclusive education entails changing values, attitudes of people, specifically of educators and learners, policies and the practices inside schools. Since post apartheid there is only one known policy which reveals that only 20 percent of learners with disabilities were accommodated in special schools. Current statistics show that only about 64,200 learners with disabilities or impairments are accommodated in about 380 special schools. This indicates that, potentially, 280,000 learners with disabilities or impairments are unaccounted for. Analysis of the data reveals the extent of the disparities in provision for learners with disabilities, for example: The incidence of disabilities in the Eastern Cape constitutes 17.39 percent of the disabled population, yet the province has only 10.79 percent of the total number of special schools. Gauteng has 17.14 percent of the disabled population but has 25.26 percent of the schools. The Western Cape has 5.47 percent of the disabled population but has 21.58 percent of the schools. This mismatch between needs and provision is a direct result of previous apartheid policies that allocated facilities on a racial basis. Inclusive education calls for an education system, which does no longer discriminate, however welcomes all individuals, providing support and services so that every child benefits equally in mainstream schools around their regions as only 41 special schools are in the Eastern Cape. Educator perceptions as the key personnel in the inclusion and in the implementation of policies related with classroom related issued play centre stage and need to be considered.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
A Practical Approach to Differential Calculus: MAT 112
- Authors: Ndiweni, O , Mahlasela, Z
- Date: 2011-06
- Subjects: Mathematics
- Language: English
- Type: Examination paper
- Identifier: vital:17600 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1009974
- Description: A Practical Approach to Differential Calculus: MAT 112, degree examinations June 2011.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2011-06
- Authors: Ndiweni, O , Mahlasela, Z
- Date: 2011-06
- Subjects: Mathematics
- Language: English
- Type: Examination paper
- Identifier: vital:17600 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1009974
- Description: A Practical Approach to Differential Calculus: MAT 112, degree examinations June 2011.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2011-06
Phemba Mfundi Journal 2014
- Nelson Mandela Institute for Education and Rural Development
- Authors: Nelson Mandela Institute for Education and Rural Development
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Poetry -- Imibongo , English Short Stories -- Amabali Amafutshane , Teacher's Section -- Icandelo Lootitshala
- Language: English
- Identifier: vital:12215 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1013022 , Poetry -- Imibongo , English Short Stories -- Amabali Amafutshane , Teacher's Section -- Icandelo Lootitshala
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Nelson Mandela Institute for Education and Rural Development
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Poetry -- Imibongo , English Short Stories -- Amabali Amafutshane , Teacher's Section -- Icandelo Lootitshala
- Language: English
- Identifier: vital:12215 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1013022 , Poetry -- Imibongo , English Short Stories -- Amabali Amafutshane , Teacher's Section -- Icandelo Lootitshala
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
An investigation on the effectiveness of lifestyle modification interventions for hypertensive patients in a public health clinic, in the Eastern Cape Province
- Authors: Katiya, Lulama Pearl
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Community Nursing Science)
- Identifier: vital:11926 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021131
- Description: The continued increase in morbidity and mortality of hypertensive patients in Alice in the Eastern Cape Province, prompted the researcher to investigate the effectiveness of lifestyle modification intervention on hypertensive patients. High morbidity and mortality rates of hypertensive patients are occuring in spite of hypertensive patients being taught about lifestyle modification (De Haan, 2006:55). According to the fifth South African Guidelines (2011:60), hypertension is a global health burden affecting developed and developing countries including South Africa. In 2003, the South African District Health Statistics showed that in the Eastern Cape, 221 females over 15 years of age and 101 males over 15 years of age had moderate hypertension and 92 males over 15 years had severe hypertension. Hypertension is a `silent killer` because it seldom gives rise to any symptoms (De Haan, 2006:66). The objectives of the study were to: investigate the effectiveness of lifestyle modification intervention on hypertensive patients, and to determine the strategies used in order to ensure the effectiveness of lifestyle modification by hypertensive patients. The research question was: what is the level of effectiveness of lifestyle modification on hypertensive patients in Alice? A descriptive quantitative research design was used in this study. This design allowed the researcher to investigate the effectiveness of lifestyle modification of hypertensive patients in Alice area. A convenience sample was used to sample the target population for the study on the criteria and a total of 169 respondents served as a size of the sample. A pre-test of the tool was carried out on 16 participants to validate the tool before the actual data collection commenced. Ethical approval was obtained from University of Fort Hare, the Department of Health, as well as Victoria Hospital and clinics. Data were collected by means of self-administered questionnaires. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21.0 software for windows reference was used to analyse the data. The results were presented in tables, graphs and pie charts. The results revealed that 77% (n=125) reported to know nothing about hypertension. Twenty three percent of the participants (n=37) knew about hypertension, they mentioned that it is when the heart has too much blood that is overloading the heart due to problems of the heart, then the blood flow through the heart is disturbed. Furthermore participants stated that it is important that every hypertensive patient engage in lifestyle modification. The study recommended that the Department of Health should emphasise the use of Hypertension Guidelines where all nurses in public clinics should be trained in educating and doing counselling to all hypertensive patients, including those who are pre-hypertensive that are visiting the clinics. Health education about risk factors and complications of hypertension must be done. All patients visiting public clinics must be educated regardless of their problems.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Katiya, Lulama Pearl
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Community Nursing Science)
- Identifier: vital:11926 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021131
- Description: The continued increase in morbidity and mortality of hypertensive patients in Alice in the Eastern Cape Province, prompted the researcher to investigate the effectiveness of lifestyle modification intervention on hypertensive patients. High morbidity and mortality rates of hypertensive patients are occuring in spite of hypertensive patients being taught about lifestyle modification (De Haan, 2006:55). According to the fifth South African Guidelines (2011:60), hypertension is a global health burden affecting developed and developing countries including South Africa. In 2003, the South African District Health Statistics showed that in the Eastern Cape, 221 females over 15 years of age and 101 males over 15 years of age had moderate hypertension and 92 males over 15 years had severe hypertension. Hypertension is a `silent killer` because it seldom gives rise to any symptoms (De Haan, 2006:66). The objectives of the study were to: investigate the effectiveness of lifestyle modification intervention on hypertensive patients, and to determine the strategies used in order to ensure the effectiveness of lifestyle modification by hypertensive patients. The research question was: what is the level of effectiveness of lifestyle modification on hypertensive patients in Alice? A descriptive quantitative research design was used in this study. This design allowed the researcher to investigate the effectiveness of lifestyle modification of hypertensive patients in Alice area. A convenience sample was used to sample the target population for the study on the criteria and a total of 169 respondents served as a size of the sample. A pre-test of the tool was carried out on 16 participants to validate the tool before the actual data collection commenced. Ethical approval was obtained from University of Fort Hare, the Department of Health, as well as Victoria Hospital and clinics. Data were collected by means of self-administered questionnaires. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21.0 software for windows reference was used to analyse the data. The results were presented in tables, graphs and pie charts. The results revealed that 77% (n=125) reported to know nothing about hypertension. Twenty three percent of the participants (n=37) knew about hypertension, they mentioned that it is when the heart has too much blood that is overloading the heart due to problems of the heart, then the blood flow through the heart is disturbed. Furthermore participants stated that it is important that every hypertensive patient engage in lifestyle modification. The study recommended that the Department of Health should emphasise the use of Hypertension Guidelines where all nurses in public clinics should be trained in educating and doing counselling to all hypertensive patients, including those who are pre-hypertensive that are visiting the clinics. Health education about risk factors and complications of hypertension must be done. All patients visiting public clinics must be educated regardless of their problems.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
In vitro investigation of the anti-hyperglycemic and chemical composition of Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng.) Cham leaf extracts used in the management of diabetes mellitus
- Abifarin, Taiwo Oluwafunmilola https://orcid.org/00000003-4994-4638
- Authors: Abifarin, Taiwo Oluwafunmilola https://orcid.org/00000003-4994-4638
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Diabetes
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22798 , vital:52760
- Description: Diabetes mellitus is currently a major threat all over the world. It is a chronic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and disturbance in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism which often times leads to several complications such as, atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy. Due to the side effects associated with synthetic oral hypoglycemic drugs, herbal remedies have become the alternative in the management of diabetes mellitus. Heteromorpha arborescens is one of the many plants used as herbal remedies for the management of diabetes mellitus in South Africa. In addition, the roots, barks and leaves are used in other parts of Southern Africa for the treatment of mental problems, asthma, cough, dysentery and tuberculosis. The roots are fed to malnourished children in Botswana and Swaziland. However, despite the high medicinal importance, there is little or no scientificinformation to prove this claim. Therefore, the basis of this study is to determine the chemical composition as well as perform and invitro investigation of the antihyperglycemic potential of H. arborescens leaf extracts to provide information that could validate the ethno-medicinal claims for the use of this plant in the management of diabetes mellitus. Phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of the leaf extracts were determined. Phytochemical analysis of the acetone, ethanol, aqueous and blanched extracts of H. arborescens leaves indicated that the total phenol content of the extracts ranged between 15.10 mg GAE/g- 42.50 mg QAE/g, proanthocyanidin, 459-8402.1 mg QE/g and the flavonoid content, 109.24- 235.79 mg QE/g. In addition, alkaloids (7.65percent) and saponin (25.33percent) were present in significantamounts. Based on the IC50 values, the ethanol extract exhibited the highest total antioxidant activity (0.0125 mg/mL) with highest inhibition against DPPH and ABTS radicals (0.06 and 0.049 mg/mL respectively). Relatively high antioxidant activity may be attributed to the polyphenolic contents which possess hypoglycemic potentials. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of H. arborescens leaf extracts against Bacillus pumilus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebselia pneumoniae was also determined and results indicated considerable antibacterial activity in the acetone, ethanol and blanched extracts with MIC values ranging from 1.563-12.5 mg/mL; however, the aqueous extract was inactive against all the bacteria strains. The antibacterial activity of the leaf extracts could be advantageous against diabetic related infections. The cytotoxicity, anti-obesity and antidiabetic potentials of blanched, aqueous and ethanol extracts of Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng.) Cham leaves were also investigated. The results revealed that both ethanol and aqueous extracts indicated considerable inhibition against α-glucosidase (IC50 of 627.29 ± 4.33 μg/mL and 576.46 ± 3.21 μg/mL respectively) while the blanched extract showed weak α- glucosidase inhibition (IC50; 855.38 ± 4.29 μg/mL). The aqueous extract showed the best α- amylase inhibition (IC50; 583.74 ± 5.87 μg/mL) among the assessed extracts. However, weak α- amylase inhibition was observed in the ethanol (IC50; 724.60 ± 4.33 μg/mL) and blanched extracts (IC50; 791.63 ± 3.76 μg/mL) of H. arborescens leaves. Some level of glucose utilization in both C3A and L6 cells was also observed for the aqueous and ethanol extracts which may be attributed to the relatively lower toxicity levels present in them, however, glucose utilization was very weak for the blanched extract, which may be due to higher level of cytotoxicity it possessed. Relatively weak lipase inhibition was observed for the ethanol (IC50; 699.3 ± 1.33 μg/mL), aqueous (IC50; 811.52 ± 3.52 μg/mL) and blanched extract (IC50; 1152.7 ± 4.61 μg/mL) as compared to orlistat (IC50; 56.88 ± 0.11 μg/mL). However, there was no reasonable reduction in lipid accumulation observed in all the extract treated cells. The results obtained suggest that H.arborescens leaf extracts can serve as a potential tool for the development of new strategies for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. However, further analysis is required to ascertain its anti- obesity potential. Also, caution should be taken in the use of the plant at high concentrations in order to ensure safety and efficacy. Analyses were also carried out to determine the nutritional and antinutritional constituents of the plant for possible inclusion in the diet of diabetic patients. Proximate analysis revealed the presence of 8.5 percent total ash, 4.92 percent crude fat, 8.41 percent moisture, 15.74 percent crude protein, 21.48 percent crude fiber, 40.95 percent carbohydrates and 271.04 kcal/100g energy value. Mineral analysis showed that H. arborescens leaves are very rich in K, Ca, and Fe. Considerable amounts of Mg, Mn, Na, P, Cu and Zn were also present. Vitamin analysis showed that the plant has a high content of vitamins A, C and E. The anti-nutrients evaluated were phytate, oxalate, saponin, and alkaloids, all of which were below toxic levels except for saponin which was observed in moderately high level. This study revealed that H. arborescens leaves are a good source of nutrients and mineral elements, (with low anti-nutrient content) that are highly beneficial to human health especially in diabetic individuals, therefore, encouraging its possible inclusion as a vegetable. Essential oil composition of fresh Heteromorphaarborescens leaves were also determined by Solvent-Free-Microwave-Extraction (SFME) and Hydrodistillation (HD) methods and the compositions of both mehods were compared in terms of their chemical compositions, yield, CO2 emission and energy consumption. Solvent Free Microwave extraction method indicated higher oil yield of 0.7 mL/200 g (0.35 percent) as compared to 0.59 mL/200 g (0.295 percent), lower energy consumption and CO2 emission as compared to the hydrodistillation method. In conclusion, H. arborescens leaves indicated considerable potential efficacy in the management for diabetes mellitus and may require further structural elucidation and characterization in order to identify the bioactive constituents. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-09
- Authors: Abifarin, Taiwo Oluwafunmilola https://orcid.org/00000003-4994-4638
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Diabetes
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22798 , vital:52760
- Description: Diabetes mellitus is currently a major threat all over the world. It is a chronic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and disturbance in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism which often times leads to several complications such as, atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy. Due to the side effects associated with synthetic oral hypoglycemic drugs, herbal remedies have become the alternative in the management of diabetes mellitus. Heteromorpha arborescens is one of the many plants used as herbal remedies for the management of diabetes mellitus in South Africa. In addition, the roots, barks and leaves are used in other parts of Southern Africa for the treatment of mental problems, asthma, cough, dysentery and tuberculosis. The roots are fed to malnourished children in Botswana and Swaziland. However, despite the high medicinal importance, there is little or no scientificinformation to prove this claim. Therefore, the basis of this study is to determine the chemical composition as well as perform and invitro investigation of the antihyperglycemic potential of H. arborescens leaf extracts to provide information that could validate the ethno-medicinal claims for the use of this plant in the management of diabetes mellitus. Phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of the leaf extracts were determined. Phytochemical analysis of the acetone, ethanol, aqueous and blanched extracts of H. arborescens leaves indicated that the total phenol content of the extracts ranged between 15.10 mg GAE/g- 42.50 mg QAE/g, proanthocyanidin, 459-8402.1 mg QE/g and the flavonoid content, 109.24- 235.79 mg QE/g. In addition, alkaloids (7.65percent) and saponin (25.33percent) were present in significantamounts. Based on the IC50 values, the ethanol extract exhibited the highest total antioxidant activity (0.0125 mg/mL) with highest inhibition against DPPH and ABTS radicals (0.06 and 0.049 mg/mL respectively). Relatively high antioxidant activity may be attributed to the polyphenolic contents which possess hypoglycemic potentials. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of H. arborescens leaf extracts against Bacillus pumilus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebselia pneumoniae was also determined and results indicated considerable antibacterial activity in the acetone, ethanol and blanched extracts with MIC values ranging from 1.563-12.5 mg/mL; however, the aqueous extract was inactive against all the bacteria strains. The antibacterial activity of the leaf extracts could be advantageous against diabetic related infections. The cytotoxicity, anti-obesity and antidiabetic potentials of blanched, aqueous and ethanol extracts of Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng.) Cham leaves were also investigated. The results revealed that both ethanol and aqueous extracts indicated considerable inhibition against α-glucosidase (IC50 of 627.29 ± 4.33 μg/mL and 576.46 ± 3.21 μg/mL respectively) while the blanched extract showed weak α- glucosidase inhibition (IC50; 855.38 ± 4.29 μg/mL). The aqueous extract showed the best α- amylase inhibition (IC50; 583.74 ± 5.87 μg/mL) among the assessed extracts. However, weak α- amylase inhibition was observed in the ethanol (IC50; 724.60 ± 4.33 μg/mL) and blanched extracts (IC50; 791.63 ± 3.76 μg/mL) of H. arborescens leaves. Some level of glucose utilization in both C3A and L6 cells was also observed for the aqueous and ethanol extracts which may be attributed to the relatively lower toxicity levels present in them, however, glucose utilization was very weak for the blanched extract, which may be due to higher level of cytotoxicity it possessed. Relatively weak lipase inhibition was observed for the ethanol (IC50; 699.3 ± 1.33 μg/mL), aqueous (IC50; 811.52 ± 3.52 μg/mL) and blanched extract (IC50; 1152.7 ± 4.61 μg/mL) as compared to orlistat (IC50; 56.88 ± 0.11 μg/mL). However, there was no reasonable reduction in lipid accumulation observed in all the extract treated cells. The results obtained suggest that H.arborescens leaf extracts can serve as a potential tool for the development of new strategies for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. However, further analysis is required to ascertain its anti- obesity potential. Also, caution should be taken in the use of the plant at high concentrations in order to ensure safety and efficacy. Analyses were also carried out to determine the nutritional and antinutritional constituents of the plant for possible inclusion in the diet of diabetic patients. Proximate analysis revealed the presence of 8.5 percent total ash, 4.92 percent crude fat, 8.41 percent moisture, 15.74 percent crude protein, 21.48 percent crude fiber, 40.95 percent carbohydrates and 271.04 kcal/100g energy value. Mineral analysis showed that H. arborescens leaves are very rich in K, Ca, and Fe. Considerable amounts of Mg, Mn, Na, P, Cu and Zn were also present. Vitamin analysis showed that the plant has a high content of vitamins A, C and E. The anti-nutrients evaluated were phytate, oxalate, saponin, and alkaloids, all of which were below toxic levels except for saponin which was observed in moderately high level. This study revealed that H. arborescens leaves are a good source of nutrients and mineral elements, (with low anti-nutrient content) that are highly beneficial to human health especially in diabetic individuals, therefore, encouraging its possible inclusion as a vegetable. Essential oil composition of fresh Heteromorphaarborescens leaves were also determined by Solvent-Free-Microwave-Extraction (SFME) and Hydrodistillation (HD) methods and the compositions of both mehods were compared in terms of their chemical compositions, yield, CO2 emission and energy consumption. Solvent Free Microwave extraction method indicated higher oil yield of 0.7 mL/200 g (0.35 percent) as compared to 0.59 mL/200 g (0.295 percent), lower energy consumption and CO2 emission as compared to the hydrodistillation method. In conclusion, H. arborescens leaves indicated considerable potential efficacy in the management for diabetes mellitus and may require further structural elucidation and characterization in order to identify the bioactive constituents. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-09
Critical discourse analysis of election campaigns in Zimbabwe with specific reference to 2008 and 2013 election periods
- Authors: Mugomba Moreen
- Date: 2020-05
- Subjects: Critical discourse analysis , Political manifestos -- Zimbabwe , Communication in politics
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22083 , vital:51982
- Description: Elections are a key aspect in all communities and in Zimbabwe they are held after every 5 years. Election candidates’ speeches. Linguistic manipulation is an influential instrument in politics and as such presidential candidates’ electioneering discourse is infested with persuasive linguistic elements. Therefore, this study analysed the generic structure of hard news and editorials as well as political manifestos. The nature of linguistic devices invoked for the enactment of political goals and objectives by Zimbabwean newspaper reports in English and Shona were analysed. The study looked at how presidential candidates express themselves to the electorate through language as well. The study demonstrated how newspaper reporters make linguistic choices to express similar content from contending politicians during election time. The study took a qualitative research methodology. Tools used to collect data were interviews and document analysis. Ten newspaper reporters were interviewed for their extensive knowledge of media situations. The newspaper articles which were based on political manifestos by two of the contending political parties, the MDC and ZANU PF were analysed. Systemic Functional Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis were used as theories of analysis. Findings from the study revealed the existence of certain linguistic devices that are used in the art of persuasion, as candidates campaign for political posts. Characteristic linguistic devices were observed in journalists’ reports. These devices include modals, verbs, pronouns, metaphors, repetition, anaphora as well as the use of “us and them” in both the speeches and news reports in English and Shona. The analysis showed a discrepancy between state and independent media as far as news representation of election events is concerned. It is recommended in this study that, there must be a balance in the presentation of politics in newspapers even if there is personal bias in linguistic choice on the part of individual journalists. A transition model into electioneering reporting came up. The proposed model looks into issues of cohesion in news reports. The study has contributed further insights into the nature, features and functions of political discourse. discourse is paramount in society and as elections are held, several persuasive elements and occasions come into play as contesting candidates try to garner votes. Election discourse is realised in the aspiring , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2020
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020-05
- Authors: Mugomba Moreen
- Date: 2020-05
- Subjects: Critical discourse analysis , Political manifestos -- Zimbabwe , Communication in politics
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22083 , vital:51982
- Description: Elections are a key aspect in all communities and in Zimbabwe they are held after every 5 years. Election candidates’ speeches. Linguistic manipulation is an influential instrument in politics and as such presidential candidates’ electioneering discourse is infested with persuasive linguistic elements. Therefore, this study analysed the generic structure of hard news and editorials as well as political manifestos. The nature of linguistic devices invoked for the enactment of political goals and objectives by Zimbabwean newspaper reports in English and Shona were analysed. The study looked at how presidential candidates express themselves to the electorate through language as well. The study demonstrated how newspaper reporters make linguistic choices to express similar content from contending politicians during election time. The study took a qualitative research methodology. Tools used to collect data were interviews and document analysis. Ten newspaper reporters were interviewed for their extensive knowledge of media situations. The newspaper articles which were based on political manifestos by two of the contending political parties, the MDC and ZANU PF were analysed. Systemic Functional Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis were used as theories of analysis. Findings from the study revealed the existence of certain linguistic devices that are used in the art of persuasion, as candidates campaign for political posts. Characteristic linguistic devices were observed in journalists’ reports. These devices include modals, verbs, pronouns, metaphors, repetition, anaphora as well as the use of “us and them” in both the speeches and news reports in English and Shona. The analysis showed a discrepancy between state and independent media as far as news representation of election events is concerned. It is recommended in this study that, there must be a balance in the presentation of politics in newspapers even if there is personal bias in linguistic choice on the part of individual journalists. A transition model into electioneering reporting came up. The proposed model looks into issues of cohesion in news reports. The study has contributed further insights into the nature, features and functions of political discourse. discourse is paramount in society and as elections are held, several persuasive elements and occasions come into play as contesting candidates try to garner votes. Election discourse is realised in the aspiring , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2020
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020-05
Surveillance study on pathogenic Acinetobacter species in freshwater environment of the Amathole and Chris Hani District Municipalities, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Adewoyin, Mary Ayobami https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7489-7402
- Authors: Adewoyin, Mary Ayobami https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7489-7402
- Date: 2019-09
- Subjects: Acinetobacter infections http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh95004928 , Acinetobacter http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh91001451 , Nosocomial infections http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85092770
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19836 , vital:43257
- Description: This study evaluates the occurrence of medically relevant Acinetobacter species in three rivers, namely; Keiskamma, Tyhume and Great Fish in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa in one year sampling regime (April 2017 - March 2018). The physicochemical parameters (pH, temperature (TEM), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity (SAL), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity (TBS), dissolved oxygen (DO) and biological oxygen demand (BOD)) of the water bodies were measured. The presumptive Acinetobacter species recovered from the freshwater resources were recorded and further confirmed using molecular techniques. Similarly, confirmed isolates were subjected to speciation using species-specific primer sets for A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis. Also, virulence genes namely; afa/draBC, epsA, fimH, OmpA, PAI, sfa/focDE, and traT in the two Acinetobacter species were also determined using molecular method. In addition, the antibiogram characteristics of A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis isolated from the water samples were determined using standard methods. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using a panel of 12 antibiotics belonging to the aminoglycosides (amikacin, AK and gentamicin, GM), β-lactam/β-lactamase-inhibitor combinations (piperacillin-tazobactam, PTZ), cephems (ceftazidime, CAZ, cefotaxime, CTX, and cefepime, CPM), carbapenems (imipenem, IMI and meropenem, MEM), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, CIP), folate pathway inhibitors (Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, TS), lipopeptides (Polymyxin B, PB) and tetracyclines (tetracycline, TET). Similarly, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) present in the Acinetobacter isolates were investigated including aminoglycoside resistance genes (aacC2, aphA1 and aphA2), β-lactamases resistance genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA-1-like, blaCTX-M(GROUP 1), blaCTX-M(GROUP 2), blaCTX-M(GROUP 9), blaVEB, blaGES, blaPER, blaCTX-M-8/-25, blaOXA-48-like, blaVIM, blaIMP and blaKPC), fluoroquinolones resistance genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD and qnrS), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1 and sul2), and tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetM, tetL and tetO). The pH, EC, TDS, SAL, TEMP, TSS, TBS, DO, and BOD for Tyhume River ranged as follows: 7.2-7.7, 125-141 μS/cm, 62-71mg/L, 0.06- 0.07 PSU, 11.3-20.2oC, 30.0-89.6 mg/L, 35.0-96.0 NTU, 8.2-9.8 mg/L, 2.0-4.2 mg/L, while for Great Fish River, the parameters were 8.0-8.2, 274-369 μS/cm, 137-184mg/L, 0.13-0.18PSU, 12.7-22.3oC, 44.3-99.4 mg/L, 48.0-214.0 NTU, 7.8-9.9 mg/L, 3.1- 4.9 mg/L, and at Keiskamma River they were 7.5-7.9, 153.2-285.0 μS/cm, 86-143 mg/L, 0.07-0.14 PSU, 11.0-21.4oC, 27.0- 55.6 mg/L, 31-61 NTU, 8.3-9.8 mg/L, 3.0-6.0 mg/L. A total of 1107 presumptive Acinetobacter spp. were recovered from the rivers sampled of which 428, 370 and 309 isolates were recovered from Tyhume, Great Fish and Keiskamma rivers respectively. However, only 844 was confirmed positive for the genus Acinetobacter and are recovered in the proportions 285 (77 percent), 219 (70.9 percent) and 340 (79 percent) from Great Fish, Keiskemma and Tyhume rivers respectively. Our finding revealed that 410 (48.58 percent) and 23 (2.7 percent) of the isolates were confirmed to be A. baumannii and A. nosocomalis respectively. Also, 308 (75.12 percent percent) A. baumannii and 3 (13.04 percent) A. nosocomialis isolates exhibited one or more virulence genes out of the seven tested, whereas 102 (24.88 percent) and 20 (86.95 percent) of the A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis isolates did not harbour any virulence gene. Additionally, OmpA was the most prevalent (p<0.05) virulence gene found in A. baumannii with 69 (45.10 percent), 52 (50.98 percent) and 77 (49.68 percent) isolates from Great Fish, Keiskamma and Tyhume rivers respectively. The rates of susceptibilities of A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis to the antibiotics followed the order; Piperacillin-tazobactam (72.8 percent ; 73.9 percent), Ceftazidime (70.5 percent ; 91.3 percent), Cefotaxime (16.8 percent ; 17.4 percent), Cefepime (88.5 percent ; 95.7 percent), Imipenem (95.9 percent ; 100 percent ), Meropenem (92.7 percent ; 91.3 percent), Amikacin (97.6 percent ; 91.3 percent), Gentamicin (89.8 percent ; 87 percent), Polymyxin B (84.4 percent ; 91.3 percent), Tetracycline (74.7 percent ; 78.3 percent), Ciprofloxacin (75.9 percent ; 78.3 percent) and Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (74.0 percent ; 73.9 percent) respectively. Both A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis were highly susceptible to all the antimicrobials tested except cefotaxime where 64 percent and 78 percent intermediate responses were observed in the species. At least 10 isolates of A. baumannii were resistant against each of the antibiotics used. The modal multiple antibiotics resistance phenotypes (MARPs) for Acinetobacter spp. was MARP 3 (29.87 percent) and the least was MARP 10 and 11 (2.6 percent each). The antimicrobial resistance index (ARI) was higher at two sampling sites KE2 (0.33) and TY1 (0.22). Similarly, MARI showed that sampling sites KE2 was a hotspot for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter spp. Of the five classes of ARGs studied, there was a widespread of β-lactamases (blaTEM) in the two Acinetobacter species, followed by sul2, which were detected in 67 (63.2 percent) and 44 (49.4 percent) isolates respectively, across the rivers studied. We conclude that aquatic resources of the study community are important reservoirs of pathogenic Acinetobacter species and antibiotic resistance determinants. The occurrence of clinically-important Acinetobacter species suggests possible contamination of these selected rivers which are consumed by humans and livestock, as well as being used for irrigation system, and this constitutes a risk to public health. It also shows that A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis can thrive in the aquatic environment. This study suggests that direct utilization of water from these sources for domestic and other purposes without any form of pre-treatment should be avoided. It is, therefore, necessary for regulatory authorities to monitor the release of domestic and industrial wastewater into these water bodies in order to prevent outbreaks of epidemics. , Thesis (PhD) (Microbiology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2019
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019-09
- Authors: Adewoyin, Mary Ayobami https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7489-7402
- Date: 2019-09
- Subjects: Acinetobacter infections http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh95004928 , Acinetobacter http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh91001451 , Nosocomial infections http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85092770
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19836 , vital:43257
- Description: This study evaluates the occurrence of medically relevant Acinetobacter species in three rivers, namely; Keiskamma, Tyhume and Great Fish in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa in one year sampling regime (April 2017 - March 2018). The physicochemical parameters (pH, temperature (TEM), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity (SAL), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity (TBS), dissolved oxygen (DO) and biological oxygen demand (BOD)) of the water bodies were measured. The presumptive Acinetobacter species recovered from the freshwater resources were recorded and further confirmed using molecular techniques. Similarly, confirmed isolates were subjected to speciation using species-specific primer sets for A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis. Also, virulence genes namely; afa/draBC, epsA, fimH, OmpA, PAI, sfa/focDE, and traT in the two Acinetobacter species were also determined using molecular method. In addition, the antibiogram characteristics of A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis isolated from the water samples were determined using standard methods. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using a panel of 12 antibiotics belonging to the aminoglycosides (amikacin, AK and gentamicin, GM), β-lactam/β-lactamase-inhibitor combinations (piperacillin-tazobactam, PTZ), cephems (ceftazidime, CAZ, cefotaxime, CTX, and cefepime, CPM), carbapenems (imipenem, IMI and meropenem, MEM), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, CIP), folate pathway inhibitors (Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, TS), lipopeptides (Polymyxin B, PB) and tetracyclines (tetracycline, TET). Similarly, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) present in the Acinetobacter isolates were investigated including aminoglycoside resistance genes (aacC2, aphA1 and aphA2), β-lactamases resistance genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA-1-like, blaCTX-M(GROUP 1), blaCTX-M(GROUP 2), blaCTX-M(GROUP 9), blaVEB, blaGES, blaPER, blaCTX-M-8/-25, blaOXA-48-like, blaVIM, blaIMP and blaKPC), fluoroquinolones resistance genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD and qnrS), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1 and sul2), and tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetM, tetL and tetO). The pH, EC, TDS, SAL, TEMP, TSS, TBS, DO, and BOD for Tyhume River ranged as follows: 7.2-7.7, 125-141 μS/cm, 62-71mg/L, 0.06- 0.07 PSU, 11.3-20.2oC, 30.0-89.6 mg/L, 35.0-96.0 NTU, 8.2-9.8 mg/L, 2.0-4.2 mg/L, while for Great Fish River, the parameters were 8.0-8.2, 274-369 μS/cm, 137-184mg/L, 0.13-0.18PSU, 12.7-22.3oC, 44.3-99.4 mg/L, 48.0-214.0 NTU, 7.8-9.9 mg/L, 3.1- 4.9 mg/L, and at Keiskamma River they were 7.5-7.9, 153.2-285.0 μS/cm, 86-143 mg/L, 0.07-0.14 PSU, 11.0-21.4oC, 27.0- 55.6 mg/L, 31-61 NTU, 8.3-9.8 mg/L, 3.0-6.0 mg/L. A total of 1107 presumptive Acinetobacter spp. were recovered from the rivers sampled of which 428, 370 and 309 isolates were recovered from Tyhume, Great Fish and Keiskamma rivers respectively. However, only 844 was confirmed positive for the genus Acinetobacter and are recovered in the proportions 285 (77 percent), 219 (70.9 percent) and 340 (79 percent) from Great Fish, Keiskemma and Tyhume rivers respectively. Our finding revealed that 410 (48.58 percent) and 23 (2.7 percent) of the isolates were confirmed to be A. baumannii and A. nosocomalis respectively. Also, 308 (75.12 percent percent) A. baumannii and 3 (13.04 percent) A. nosocomialis isolates exhibited one or more virulence genes out of the seven tested, whereas 102 (24.88 percent) and 20 (86.95 percent) of the A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis isolates did not harbour any virulence gene. Additionally, OmpA was the most prevalent (p<0.05) virulence gene found in A. baumannii with 69 (45.10 percent), 52 (50.98 percent) and 77 (49.68 percent) isolates from Great Fish, Keiskamma and Tyhume rivers respectively. The rates of susceptibilities of A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis to the antibiotics followed the order; Piperacillin-tazobactam (72.8 percent ; 73.9 percent), Ceftazidime (70.5 percent ; 91.3 percent), Cefotaxime (16.8 percent ; 17.4 percent), Cefepime (88.5 percent ; 95.7 percent), Imipenem (95.9 percent ; 100 percent ), Meropenem (92.7 percent ; 91.3 percent), Amikacin (97.6 percent ; 91.3 percent), Gentamicin (89.8 percent ; 87 percent), Polymyxin B (84.4 percent ; 91.3 percent), Tetracycline (74.7 percent ; 78.3 percent), Ciprofloxacin (75.9 percent ; 78.3 percent) and Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (74.0 percent ; 73.9 percent) respectively. Both A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis were highly susceptible to all the antimicrobials tested except cefotaxime where 64 percent and 78 percent intermediate responses were observed in the species. At least 10 isolates of A. baumannii were resistant against each of the antibiotics used. The modal multiple antibiotics resistance phenotypes (MARPs) for Acinetobacter spp. was MARP 3 (29.87 percent) and the least was MARP 10 and 11 (2.6 percent each). The antimicrobial resistance index (ARI) was higher at two sampling sites KE2 (0.33) and TY1 (0.22). Similarly, MARI showed that sampling sites KE2 was a hotspot for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter spp. Of the five classes of ARGs studied, there was a widespread of β-lactamases (blaTEM) in the two Acinetobacter species, followed by sul2, which were detected in 67 (63.2 percent) and 44 (49.4 percent) isolates respectively, across the rivers studied. We conclude that aquatic resources of the study community are important reservoirs of pathogenic Acinetobacter species and antibiotic resistance determinants. The occurrence of clinically-important Acinetobacter species suggests possible contamination of these selected rivers which are consumed by humans and livestock, as well as being used for irrigation system, and this constitutes a risk to public health. It also shows that A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis can thrive in the aquatic environment. This study suggests that direct utilization of water from these sources for domestic and other purposes without any form of pre-treatment should be avoided. It is, therefore, necessary for regulatory authorities to monitor the release of domestic and industrial wastewater into these water bodies in order to prevent outbreaks of epidemics. , Thesis (PhD) (Microbiology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2019
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019-09
Developmental Psychology, Psychological Testing & Assessment, Research Methods: PSY 222
- Authors: Marais, R , Hoho, V N
- Date: 2012-01
- Language: English
- Type: Examination paper
- Identifier: vital:18014 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1010591
- Description: Developmental Psychology, Psychological Testing & Assessment, Research Methods: PSY 222, Supplementary examination January 2012.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2012-01
- Authors: Marais, R , Hoho, V N
- Date: 2012-01
- Language: English
- Type: Examination paper
- Identifier: vital:18014 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1010591
- Description: Developmental Psychology, Psychological Testing & Assessment, Research Methods: PSY 222, Supplementary examination January 2012.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2012-01
Housing challenges in Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality: an exploration
- Authors: Marutlulle, Noah Kaliofas
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (in Public Administration)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1234 , vital:26539
- Description: The housing delivery topic is frequently dredged to the surface of media focus by tragic phenomena such as the destruction of lives and properties by storms and fires and also at the hands of the police during demonstrations. This study which is exploratory in nature and adopted an interpretive research philosophy aimed at investigating the housing delivery challenges encountered by Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality (EMM) with the objectives of illuminating the challenges, establishing the role EMM play in housing delivery and providing recommendations that would assist in ameliorating the challenges. It utilised a qualitative methodology involving indirect observation which included the use of questionnaires and interviews and a purposive sampling method where fifty eight participants comprising employees of EMM, Councillors, Community leaders and Community members were selected. The data were analysed in Microsoft word using thematic analysis and a pilot study was used to pre-test the objectivity, reliability and validity of the data and also to improve the success and effectiveness of the investigation. Overall, the results suggested the main causes of the housing delivery challenges to be predominantly a combination of population growth, the unavailability of land, corruption and government policies. The key findings that emerged for the amelioration of the challenges were the formulation of a coherent housing strategy, the need for the government to pursue housing policies that are comprehensive and effectively integrated with broader socioeconomic objectives and also the need for the government to be fully attuned to the necessity of reconfiguring housing policy as part of its mechanism for managing the economy. The general focus of the recommendations was on overcoming the housing delivery hurdles. In recommending future research, the existence of a vast amount of new knowledge that still need to be discovered on the housing delivery arena was established and avenues were indicated through which the knowledge can directly illuminate issues central to the theme of this study [housing delivery challenges]. The study will become a landmark and a standard reference in future studies wherein it will also serve as a barometer to test new and contentious ideas and theories encapsulated in issues surrounding the study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Marutlulle, Noah Kaliofas
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (in Public Administration)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1234 , vital:26539
- Description: The housing delivery topic is frequently dredged to the surface of media focus by tragic phenomena such as the destruction of lives and properties by storms and fires and also at the hands of the police during demonstrations. This study which is exploratory in nature and adopted an interpretive research philosophy aimed at investigating the housing delivery challenges encountered by Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality (EMM) with the objectives of illuminating the challenges, establishing the role EMM play in housing delivery and providing recommendations that would assist in ameliorating the challenges. It utilised a qualitative methodology involving indirect observation which included the use of questionnaires and interviews and a purposive sampling method where fifty eight participants comprising employees of EMM, Councillors, Community leaders and Community members were selected. The data were analysed in Microsoft word using thematic analysis and a pilot study was used to pre-test the objectivity, reliability and validity of the data and also to improve the success and effectiveness of the investigation. Overall, the results suggested the main causes of the housing delivery challenges to be predominantly a combination of population growth, the unavailability of land, corruption and government policies. The key findings that emerged for the amelioration of the challenges were the formulation of a coherent housing strategy, the need for the government to pursue housing policies that are comprehensive and effectively integrated with broader socioeconomic objectives and also the need for the government to be fully attuned to the necessity of reconfiguring housing policy as part of its mechanism for managing the economy. The general focus of the recommendations was on overcoming the housing delivery hurdles. In recommending future research, the existence of a vast amount of new knowledge that still need to be discovered on the housing delivery arena was established and avenues were indicated through which the knowledge can directly illuminate issues central to the theme of this study [housing delivery challenges]. The study will become a landmark and a standard reference in future studies wherein it will also serve as a barometer to test new and contentious ideas and theories encapsulated in issues surrounding the study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Introduction to Business Management: BEC 123F
- Ramoscha, Reginald, Rungani, Ellen
- Authors: Ramoscha, Reginald , Rungani, Ellen
- Date: 2012-01
- Subjects: Management -- Examinations, questions, etc.
- Language: English
- Type: Examination paper
- Identifier: vital:17438 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1010249
- Description: Introduction to Business Management: BEC 123F, supplementary examination, January 2012.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2012-01
- Authors: Ramoscha, Reginald , Rungani, Ellen
- Date: 2012-01
- Subjects: Management -- Examinations, questions, etc.
- Language: English
- Type: Examination paper
- Identifier: vital:17438 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1010249
- Description: Introduction to Business Management: BEC 123F, supplementary examination, January 2012.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2012-01
Targeting and characterizing potentially high yield aquifers in the neotectonic zones in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa
- Authors: Madi, Kakaba
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Geology)
- Identifier: vital:11530 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021270
- Description: The Eastern Cape Province has, besides the three known neotectonic belts (southern, eastern and northern) a fourth zone, which is inactive. This inactive zone is located almost in its central part north of the southern neotectonic zone, and south of the northern neotectonic belt. The three above mentioned neotectonic belts (southern, eastern and northern) were chosen for this study, each one with its own characteristics. This study aims at characterizing and targeting potentially high yield aquifers in the neotectonic zones in the Eastern Cape Province. The methods used in this study include: 1) A comprehensive literature review on neotectonics in South Africa in general and in the Eastern Cape Province in particular; 2) Extraction of lineaments through remote sensing and examination of digital elevation models; 3) Examination of seismic data for the subsurface visualization onshore and offshore; 4) Study on the genesis of the Grahamstown kaolin deposits through the structural component; and 5) Acquisition and interpretation of magnetic, electromagnetic and radiometric data from three of the hot springs in the northern neotectonic belt. The results indicate the following: 1) Old map of seismic epicentres in South Africa need to be reviewed continually. The Eastern Cape was regarded as quiescent in terms of seismicity. However, the investigation from recent seismic epicenters downloadable from the IRIS website has shown that recent seismic events occurred in the Eastern Cape Province especially in the northern and southern neotectonic belts. The central part located north of the southern neotectonic belt and south of the northern neotectonic belt is inactive. This inactive zone can be considered for the storage of nuclear wastes. 2) The eastern neotectonic belt has, like the northern neotectonic belt, a higher density of lineaments oriented northwest-southeast, which makes it the second important neotectonic belt. These lineaments correlate with the normalized difference vegetation index indicative of a good circulation of groundwater. In the south, the Eastern Cape great lineament oriented east-west is now considered a neotectonic domain because many seismic epicentres occur therein. Its geomorphologic shape in graben type form is a favourable structure for groundwater catchment. The surface topography is not uniform and high elevations in the east are related to the uplift that took place in the Quaternary. Most vector gradients are oriented east-west, a fact to be reckon with in the study of surface water flow and aquifers characterization. 3) Offshore along the east coast, the subsurface is affected by neotectonic faults, which are probably splays of the Agulhas Falkland Fractured Zone (AFFZ). The folds that occur are related to the regional compressional stress known as the Wegener Stress Anomaly (WSM). On land, straight lines from seismic profiles indicate that weathering occurs in consolidated materials probably along faults or fractures, unconsolidated sediments always have wavy profiles. On the other hand, field observations in King Williams Town have clearly shown that a tectonic uplift took place on a dolerite sill overlain by mudstones and sandstones. The uplift is possibly related to the Amatole-Swaziland event that occurred in the last five millions years. The escarpment along this dolerite sill overlain by sedimentary rocks is a meso-scale fault with a dip-slip component. Healthy vegetation and a river flowing parallel to the cliff indicate groundwater flow in the zone of weakness. 4) In the southern neotectonic belt there is a clear northwest-southeast horizontal compression and a southwest-northeast vertical to sub-vertical extension. Enrichment of granitic breccias and feldspar in the Grahamstown Dwyka tillite is the source for the formation of kaolin deposits. The weathering starts in the granitic breccias through their extensional fractures and then extends in the matrix, which has micro-fractures that are only visible with the transmitted microscope. Combined extensional strike-slip and dip-slip faulting is responsible for the earthquakes in the region of Grahamstown where the kaolin is formed. There is also an unreported thermal (quartz veins) and neotectonic event identified in this region. 5) The hot springs in the northern neotectonic belt are connected by a regional neotectonic fault. The use of magnetic and electromagnetic methods helped to decipher the occurrence of faults, fractures, dolerite dykes, and variable degree of weathering. Uranium/potassium ratios derived from radiometric surveys show that areas around some hot springs are characterized by enrichment in uranium. High concentrations of thorium are related to its low capacity of being easily dissolved in water. It can be concluded that seismicity, hot springs and accordingly deep groundwater circulation, high density of lineaments, quaternary tectonic uplift, are the predominate characteristics of the three neotectonic zones. Furthermore, on the environmental point of view, thorium concentration is higher than that of either uranium or potassium. Although it is nonetheless below the world average threshold of 7.4 ppm according to United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), it may be a source of radiation hazard to humans and animals if they are subjected to prolonged exposure. All the neotectonic zones in the Eastern Cape Province present potentials to host good and important aquifers. It is suggested that the Eastern Cape great lineament in the southern neotectonic belt and the Kokstad-Koffiefontein seismic belt in the northern neotectonic belt, be monitored for future research regarding, neotectonics, seismic risk assessment and hydrogeology.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Madi, Kakaba
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Geology)
- Identifier: vital:11530 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021270
- Description: The Eastern Cape Province has, besides the three known neotectonic belts (southern, eastern and northern) a fourth zone, which is inactive. This inactive zone is located almost in its central part north of the southern neotectonic zone, and south of the northern neotectonic belt. The three above mentioned neotectonic belts (southern, eastern and northern) were chosen for this study, each one with its own characteristics. This study aims at characterizing and targeting potentially high yield aquifers in the neotectonic zones in the Eastern Cape Province. The methods used in this study include: 1) A comprehensive literature review on neotectonics in South Africa in general and in the Eastern Cape Province in particular; 2) Extraction of lineaments through remote sensing and examination of digital elevation models; 3) Examination of seismic data for the subsurface visualization onshore and offshore; 4) Study on the genesis of the Grahamstown kaolin deposits through the structural component; and 5) Acquisition and interpretation of magnetic, electromagnetic and radiometric data from three of the hot springs in the northern neotectonic belt. The results indicate the following: 1) Old map of seismic epicentres in South Africa need to be reviewed continually. The Eastern Cape was regarded as quiescent in terms of seismicity. However, the investigation from recent seismic epicenters downloadable from the IRIS website has shown that recent seismic events occurred in the Eastern Cape Province especially in the northern and southern neotectonic belts. The central part located north of the southern neotectonic belt and south of the northern neotectonic belt is inactive. This inactive zone can be considered for the storage of nuclear wastes. 2) The eastern neotectonic belt has, like the northern neotectonic belt, a higher density of lineaments oriented northwest-southeast, which makes it the second important neotectonic belt. These lineaments correlate with the normalized difference vegetation index indicative of a good circulation of groundwater. In the south, the Eastern Cape great lineament oriented east-west is now considered a neotectonic domain because many seismic epicentres occur therein. Its geomorphologic shape in graben type form is a favourable structure for groundwater catchment. The surface topography is not uniform and high elevations in the east are related to the uplift that took place in the Quaternary. Most vector gradients are oriented east-west, a fact to be reckon with in the study of surface water flow and aquifers characterization. 3) Offshore along the east coast, the subsurface is affected by neotectonic faults, which are probably splays of the Agulhas Falkland Fractured Zone (AFFZ). The folds that occur are related to the regional compressional stress known as the Wegener Stress Anomaly (WSM). On land, straight lines from seismic profiles indicate that weathering occurs in consolidated materials probably along faults or fractures, unconsolidated sediments always have wavy profiles. On the other hand, field observations in King Williams Town have clearly shown that a tectonic uplift took place on a dolerite sill overlain by mudstones and sandstones. The uplift is possibly related to the Amatole-Swaziland event that occurred in the last five millions years. The escarpment along this dolerite sill overlain by sedimentary rocks is a meso-scale fault with a dip-slip component. Healthy vegetation and a river flowing parallel to the cliff indicate groundwater flow in the zone of weakness. 4) In the southern neotectonic belt there is a clear northwest-southeast horizontal compression and a southwest-northeast vertical to sub-vertical extension. Enrichment of granitic breccias and feldspar in the Grahamstown Dwyka tillite is the source for the formation of kaolin deposits. The weathering starts in the granitic breccias through their extensional fractures and then extends in the matrix, which has micro-fractures that are only visible with the transmitted microscope. Combined extensional strike-slip and dip-slip faulting is responsible for the earthquakes in the region of Grahamstown where the kaolin is formed. There is also an unreported thermal (quartz veins) and neotectonic event identified in this region. 5) The hot springs in the northern neotectonic belt are connected by a regional neotectonic fault. The use of magnetic and electromagnetic methods helped to decipher the occurrence of faults, fractures, dolerite dykes, and variable degree of weathering. Uranium/potassium ratios derived from radiometric surveys show that areas around some hot springs are characterized by enrichment in uranium. High concentrations of thorium are related to its low capacity of being easily dissolved in water. It can be concluded that seismicity, hot springs and accordingly deep groundwater circulation, high density of lineaments, quaternary tectonic uplift, are the predominate characteristics of the three neotectonic zones. Furthermore, on the environmental point of view, thorium concentration is higher than that of either uranium or potassium. Although it is nonetheless below the world average threshold of 7.4 ppm according to United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), it may be a source of radiation hazard to humans and animals if they are subjected to prolonged exposure. All the neotectonic zones in the Eastern Cape Province present potentials to host good and important aquifers. It is suggested that the Eastern Cape great lineament in the southern neotectonic belt and the Kokstad-Koffiefontein seismic belt in the northern neotectonic belt, be monitored for future research regarding, neotectonics, seismic risk assessment and hydrogeology.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Pig and Poultry Production: AGA 415
- Nkukwana, T, Muchenje, V, Ng'ambi, J W
- Authors: Nkukwana, T , Muchenje, V , Ng'ambi, J W
- Date: 2011-06
- Subjects: Swine -- South Africa , Swine -- Breeding -- South Africa , Poultry -- Breeding , Chickens -- Breeding
- Language: English
- Type: Examination paper
- Identifier: vital:17547 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1009873
- Description: Pig and Poultry Production: AGA 415, degree examinations June 2011.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2011-06
- Authors: Nkukwana, T , Muchenje, V , Ng'ambi, J W
- Date: 2011-06
- Subjects: Swine -- South Africa , Swine -- Breeding -- South Africa , Poultry -- Breeding , Chickens -- Breeding
- Language: English
- Type: Examination paper
- Identifier: vital:17547 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1009873
- Description: Pig and Poultry Production: AGA 415, degree examinations June 2011.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2011-06
Auditing 2B
- Authors: Emslie, Denny , Hanner, Lana
- Date: 2011-11
- Subjects: Auditing -- Examinations, questions, etc.
- Language: English
- Type: Examination paper
- Identifier: vital:17408 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1009772
- Description: Auditing 2B, final assessment November 2011.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-11
- Authors: Emslie, Denny , Hanner, Lana
- Date: 2011-11
- Subjects: Auditing -- Examinations, questions, etc.
- Language: English
- Type: Examination paper
- Identifier: vital:17408 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1009772
- Description: Auditing 2B, final assessment November 2011.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011-11
Comparative in-vitro activities of trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole and the new fluoroquinolones against confirmed extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape environment
- Adeyemi, Oluwatosin Oluwakemi
- Authors: Adeyemi, Oluwatosin Oluwakemi
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Antibiotics , Microbial sensitivity tests , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Pathogenic microorganisms , Gram-negative bacterial infections
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11275 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007576 , Antibiotics , Microbial sensitivity tests , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Pathogenic microorganisms , Gram-negative bacterial infections
- Description: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is increasingly emerging as an opportunistic pathogen of global concern. Due to its inherent resistance to several classes of antibiotics including carbapenems and its ability to acquire mobile resistance elements, treatment of infections caused by S. maltophilia is a constant challenge for clinicians. Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the generally accepted antibiotic of choice for the treatment of infections caused by this organism, but resistance to the drug is increasingly being reported; hence, the need for alternative therapeutic options. In this study, the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of 110 commensal S. maltophilia isolates obtained from Nkonkobe municipality, Eastern Cape Province, Republic of South Africa was investigated. Twenty-one antibiotics including TMP-SMX and the newer fluoroquinolones; levofloxacin, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin were included in the antibiotic panel. About 63.4 percent of the isolates were susceptible to TMP-SMX with a resistance rate of 28.2 percent. The fluoroquinolones were more effective with susceptibilities ranging from 76 percent to 94.7 percent. Resistance to the fluoroquinolones ranged from 1.3 percent to 2.7 percent. Levofloxacin was the most effective fluoroquinolone tested. Phenotypic dectection of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) showed double disc synergy test (DDST) positivity in 59.5 percent of the isolates. Cefepime was the most sensitive indicator cephalosporin in the DDST with 77.3 percent of suspected ESBL-producing isolates showing cefepime-clavulanic acid synergy. Isolates exhibited nine different ESBL phenotypes, however, PCR amplification of the bla genes revealed four isolates that possessed genes belonging to the CTX-M group (CTX-M-1 and CTX-M-8 groups). ESBL genes are usually carried on mobile elements such as plasmids and transposons which may also bear genes that mediate resistance to aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, TMP-SMX and fluoroquinolones. ESBL positive isolates appeared more susceptible to the fluoroquinolones compared to TMP-SMX but there was no significant relationship between ESBL production and susceptibility to these drugs (p > 0.05). The newer fluoroquinolones are a possible alternative treatment option for S. maltophilia infections in this environment but further studies and clinical investigations are needed to determine the in vivo efficacy of these drugs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Adeyemi, Oluwatosin Oluwakemi
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Antibiotics , Microbial sensitivity tests , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Pathogenic microorganisms , Gram-negative bacterial infections
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11275 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007576 , Antibiotics , Microbial sensitivity tests , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Pathogenic microorganisms , Gram-negative bacterial infections
- Description: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is increasingly emerging as an opportunistic pathogen of global concern. Due to its inherent resistance to several classes of antibiotics including carbapenems and its ability to acquire mobile resistance elements, treatment of infections caused by S. maltophilia is a constant challenge for clinicians. Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the generally accepted antibiotic of choice for the treatment of infections caused by this organism, but resistance to the drug is increasingly being reported; hence, the need for alternative therapeutic options. In this study, the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of 110 commensal S. maltophilia isolates obtained from Nkonkobe municipality, Eastern Cape Province, Republic of South Africa was investigated. Twenty-one antibiotics including TMP-SMX and the newer fluoroquinolones; levofloxacin, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin were included in the antibiotic panel. About 63.4 percent of the isolates were susceptible to TMP-SMX with a resistance rate of 28.2 percent. The fluoroquinolones were more effective with susceptibilities ranging from 76 percent to 94.7 percent. Resistance to the fluoroquinolones ranged from 1.3 percent to 2.7 percent. Levofloxacin was the most effective fluoroquinolone tested. Phenotypic dectection of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) showed double disc synergy test (DDST) positivity in 59.5 percent of the isolates. Cefepime was the most sensitive indicator cephalosporin in the DDST with 77.3 percent of suspected ESBL-producing isolates showing cefepime-clavulanic acid synergy. Isolates exhibited nine different ESBL phenotypes, however, PCR amplification of the bla genes revealed four isolates that possessed genes belonging to the CTX-M group (CTX-M-1 and CTX-M-8 groups). ESBL genes are usually carried on mobile elements such as plasmids and transposons which may also bear genes that mediate resistance to aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, TMP-SMX and fluoroquinolones. ESBL positive isolates appeared more susceptible to the fluoroquinolones compared to TMP-SMX but there was no significant relationship between ESBL production and susceptibility to these drugs (p > 0.05). The newer fluoroquinolones are a possible alternative treatment option for S. maltophilia infections in this environment but further studies and clinical investigations are needed to determine the in vivo efficacy of these drugs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Basic Chemistry: PAC 110
- Authors: Bunhu, T , Manene, N C
- Date: 2010-06
- Language: English
- Type: Examination paper
- Identifier: vital:17829 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1010383
- Description: Basic Chemistry: PAC 110, degree examination June 2010.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2010-06
- Authors: Bunhu, T , Manene, N C
- Date: 2010-06
- Language: English
- Type: Examination paper
- Identifier: vital:17829 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1010383
- Description: Basic Chemistry: PAC 110, degree examination June 2010.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2010-06
The management of court records for justice delivery : a case study of Alice Magistrate court in the Eastern Cape,South Africa
- Authors: Ntengenyane, Khunjulwa
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Records -- Management Court records -- Management Court records -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MLS
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/7798 , vital:30767
- Description: This study sought to investigate the management of court records for justice delivery at Alice Magistrate Court in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The objectives of the study were to find out the extent to which records are managed in Alice Magistrate Court; to establish the existing infrastructure for the management of court records in Alice Magistrate Court; to find out the extent to which the management of court records in Alice Magistrate Court comply with legislative and regulatory requirement; to find out the influence of the current management of court records in court processes, to find out the challenges of the management of court records in Alice Magistrate Court, and to make recommendations on the improvement of the management of court records in Alice Magistrate Court. The record life cycle and the records continuum models underpinned the study based on post-positivist paradigm that allowed the use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The court manager, magistrate, prosecutor, interpreter, court clerks, and court users at the Alice Magistrate Court formed the sample for the study. Quantitative data were coded and analysed using Office Microsoft Excel 2010 while qualitative data was analysed using content analysis. The major finding indicated weak records management practices that resulted into loss and misplacement of records, and postponements of many cases that led to delays in justice delivery by the court. The study recommended the enhancement of the records management programme by continuous training of court personnel, the adoption of electronic records management system, and the review of the current records security and tracking systems.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Ntengenyane, Khunjulwa
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Records -- Management Court records -- Management Court records -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MLS
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/7798 , vital:30767
- Description: This study sought to investigate the management of court records for justice delivery at Alice Magistrate Court in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The objectives of the study were to find out the extent to which records are managed in Alice Magistrate Court; to establish the existing infrastructure for the management of court records in Alice Magistrate Court; to find out the extent to which the management of court records in Alice Magistrate Court comply with legislative and regulatory requirement; to find out the influence of the current management of court records in court processes, to find out the challenges of the management of court records in Alice Magistrate Court, and to make recommendations on the improvement of the management of court records in Alice Magistrate Court. The record life cycle and the records continuum models underpinned the study based on post-positivist paradigm that allowed the use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The court manager, magistrate, prosecutor, interpreter, court clerks, and court users at the Alice Magistrate Court formed the sample for the study. Quantitative data were coded and analysed using Office Microsoft Excel 2010 while qualitative data was analysed using content analysis. The major finding indicated weak records management practices that resulted into loss and misplacement of records, and postponements of many cases that led to delays in justice delivery by the court. The study recommended the enhancement of the records management programme by continuous training of court personnel, the adoption of electronic records management system, and the review of the current records security and tracking systems.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Characterisation of antibacterial compounds produced by Pseudomonas spp. isolated from Hogsback wetlands, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Obi, Akudo Odochi
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Bacteriology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15688 , vital:40507
- Description: With microbial pathogens developing resistance against currently existing antimicrobials, there is an earnest need to discover and develop new therapeutic compounds with unique and/or precise modes of action. Natural products have provided the inspiration for most of the active ingredients in medicines and thus are regarded as a potential screening resource lead for discovery of new drugs. Pseudomonads are ubiquitous, Gram-negative, motile bacteria that flourish and inhabit a diversity of environments. Literature has vastly revealed that some members of the genus Pseudomonas are capable of producing a plethora of biologically active metabolites and thus are regarded as “attractive” bacteria for testing as potential sources for new therapeutic compounds. In this regard, this study was undertaken with an aim to isolate and characterize antibacterial compounds produced by Pseudomonas species isolated from aquatic milieu of the Hogsback wetlands, Eastern Cape, South Africa. A total of 12 water samples were aseptically collected from Hogsback wetlands. To ascertain antimicrobial potential of the isolates, 9 test bacterial (sensitive) strains, namely Escherichia coli ATCC 3695, Vibrio fluvialis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli (2), Listeria ivanovii, Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433 were used for antimicrobial screening. A total of 500 presumptive Pseudomonas spp. were isolated and screened for the production of antibacterial compound through the Agar-well diffusion method. About 8percent of the presumptive Pseudomonas spp. produced compound with activity against the test bacteria and based on the levels of activity shown, three isolates coded as A53, Y55 and Y138 were selected and identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis and The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool analysis revealed that the three isolates (A53, Y55 and Y138) belonged to the Pseudomonas genus. Using MEGA6 software, a molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed by Maximum Likelihood Method. The phylogenetic analysis by this method showed that all three isolate codes (A53, Y55 and Y138) formed the same clade with Pseudomonas viridiflava strain P3 (Accession number: AY972186) and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida strain P9 (Accession number: AY972231) at a high bootstrap value of 100percent. Isolate code A53 and Y55 also grouped together at a bootstrap value of 96percent. Factors affecting antibacterial compound production by the three isolates were elucidated. The effect of pH on the three isolates revealed that isolate code A53 and Y55 could produce antibacterial compounds over all pH ranges (pH 4-9), however, antibacterial production was produced optimally at acidic conditions (pH 4) and a less acidic-neutral condition (pH 6) respectively. Isolate Y138 showed optimal production at pH 5. The effect of temperature on all three isolates was studied at different temperatures ranging between 25°C-40°C. Study on effect of temperature variations on antibacterial production revealed that all three isolates are capable of growing and producing antibacterial compounds over all the different temperature ranges, however, maximum/optimum production was observed at temperature of 30°C. In order to establish the role of plasmids in antibacterial production, two curing agents; Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Ethidium bromide under different sub-lethal concentrations (1 mg/ml -11mg/ml and 2.5 μg/ml- 125 μg/ml respectively) were used to cure the selected isolates. Plasmid DNA samples of A53, Y55 and Y138, were separated by electrophoresis on a 0.7percent (w/v) agarose. Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that not all the concentrations used were effective in curing the plasmid. A Quick Load 1 kb Extend DNA ladder marker was used for determining the size of the plasmids. Isolate code A53 and Y138 had a plasmid size of 48.5 kb while isolate Y55 had a plasmid size of approximately 20 kb. Antibacterial activity by agar-well diffusion method after the curing process revealed that antibacterial production was not lost or prevented, but rather increased. Thus, it is suggested that the genes responsible for antibiotic production in this study were chromosomal-encoded and not plasmid-encoded. This study revealed that Hogsback wetlands may represent a previously unexplored environment/source of discovering novel and potent antibacterial compounds.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Obi, Akudo Odochi
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Bacteriology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15688 , vital:40507
- Description: With microbial pathogens developing resistance against currently existing antimicrobials, there is an earnest need to discover and develop new therapeutic compounds with unique and/or precise modes of action. Natural products have provided the inspiration for most of the active ingredients in medicines and thus are regarded as a potential screening resource lead for discovery of new drugs. Pseudomonads are ubiquitous, Gram-negative, motile bacteria that flourish and inhabit a diversity of environments. Literature has vastly revealed that some members of the genus Pseudomonas are capable of producing a plethora of biologically active metabolites and thus are regarded as “attractive” bacteria for testing as potential sources for new therapeutic compounds. In this regard, this study was undertaken with an aim to isolate and characterize antibacterial compounds produced by Pseudomonas species isolated from aquatic milieu of the Hogsback wetlands, Eastern Cape, South Africa. A total of 12 water samples were aseptically collected from Hogsback wetlands. To ascertain antimicrobial potential of the isolates, 9 test bacterial (sensitive) strains, namely Escherichia coli ATCC 3695, Vibrio fluvialis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli (2), Listeria ivanovii, Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433 were used for antimicrobial screening. A total of 500 presumptive Pseudomonas spp. were isolated and screened for the production of antibacterial compound through the Agar-well diffusion method. About 8percent of the presumptive Pseudomonas spp. produced compound with activity against the test bacteria and based on the levels of activity shown, three isolates coded as A53, Y55 and Y138 were selected and identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis and The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool analysis revealed that the three isolates (A53, Y55 and Y138) belonged to the Pseudomonas genus. Using MEGA6 software, a molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed by Maximum Likelihood Method. The phylogenetic analysis by this method showed that all three isolate codes (A53, Y55 and Y138) formed the same clade with Pseudomonas viridiflava strain P3 (Accession number: AY972186) and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida strain P9 (Accession number: AY972231) at a high bootstrap value of 100percent. Isolate code A53 and Y55 also grouped together at a bootstrap value of 96percent. Factors affecting antibacterial compound production by the three isolates were elucidated. The effect of pH on the three isolates revealed that isolate code A53 and Y55 could produce antibacterial compounds over all pH ranges (pH 4-9), however, antibacterial production was produced optimally at acidic conditions (pH 4) and a less acidic-neutral condition (pH 6) respectively. Isolate Y138 showed optimal production at pH 5. The effect of temperature on all three isolates was studied at different temperatures ranging between 25°C-40°C. Study on effect of temperature variations on antibacterial production revealed that all three isolates are capable of growing and producing antibacterial compounds over all the different temperature ranges, however, maximum/optimum production was observed at temperature of 30°C. In order to establish the role of plasmids in antibacterial production, two curing agents; Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Ethidium bromide under different sub-lethal concentrations (1 mg/ml -11mg/ml and 2.5 μg/ml- 125 μg/ml respectively) were used to cure the selected isolates. Plasmid DNA samples of A53, Y55 and Y138, were separated by electrophoresis on a 0.7percent (w/v) agarose. Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that not all the concentrations used were effective in curing the plasmid. A Quick Load 1 kb Extend DNA ladder marker was used for determining the size of the plasmids. Isolate code A53 and Y138 had a plasmid size of 48.5 kb while isolate Y55 had a plasmid size of approximately 20 kb. Antibacterial activity by agar-well diffusion method after the curing process revealed that antibacterial production was not lost or prevented, but rather increased. Thus, it is suggested that the genes responsible for antibiotic production in this study were chromosomal-encoded and not plasmid-encoded. This study revealed that Hogsback wetlands may represent a previously unexplored environment/source of discovering novel and potent antibacterial compounds.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Phytochemical analysis and bioactivity of the stem bark of Combretum Molle on some selected bacterial pathogens
- Authors: Nyenje, Mirriam, E
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Drug resistance in microorganisms , Materia medica, Vegetable , Antibiotics , Microbial sensitivity tests , Gram-negative bacterial infections
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11261 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/391 , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Materia medica, Vegetable , Antibiotics , Microbial sensitivity tests , Gram-negative bacterial infections
- Description: Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide problem that has deleterious long-term effects as the development of drug resistance outpaces the development of new drugs. Plants have been used for many generations for healing purposes, and screening of extracts of these plants has often yielded positive outcomes. This study was aimed at isolating and characterizing the major active antimicrobial compounds present in the stem bark of C. molle, in a bid to identify potential sources of cheap starting materials for the synthesis of new drugs. Various solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, acetone, ethanol and methanol) were used for extraction. The agar well diffusion technique was used to screen for antimicrobial activity of C. molle extracts against Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 49399, Plesiomonas shigelloides ATCC 51903, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43526 and Helicobacter pylori 252C (clinical isolate); minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of the most active extracts was determined by the broth dilution method. Fractionation of acetone extract was done by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and bioautography to determine the compounds present and their antimicrobial activity respectively. The acetone extract was purified by column chromatography and their MIC determined. The most potent fraction (EA4) was subjected to Gas chromatography- Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for identification of the active compounds. Results were analyzed by the Fisher‟s exact test. All the extracts tested demonstrated antimicrobial activity with zone diameters of inhibition ranging from 0–32 mm. Acetone was the most potent extract with its MIC ranging from 0.078–5.0 mg/mL. Seventeen fractions were collected from column chromatography and the most active fraction against all the organisms was EA 4 (eluted with 100 percent ethyl acetate), with its MIC ranging from 0.078 - 2.5mg/mL. There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in the potency of the xii four extracts (acetone, methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate) and antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) on the different bacterial strains tested, likewise the crude extract and the fractions. No compound was detected by GC-MS whereas numerous peaks were identified by HPLC implying that the active compounds in this plant are non volatile. We could not identify the compounds thereby proposing further studies using Nuclear magnetic resonance to identify the compounds. The study revealed that the acetone extract of C. molle was the most active against all the test organisms and therefore justifies the use of this plant in traditional medicine.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Nyenje, Mirriam, E
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Drug resistance in microorganisms , Materia medica, Vegetable , Antibiotics , Microbial sensitivity tests , Gram-negative bacterial infections
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11261 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/391 , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Materia medica, Vegetable , Antibiotics , Microbial sensitivity tests , Gram-negative bacterial infections
- Description: Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide problem that has deleterious long-term effects as the development of drug resistance outpaces the development of new drugs. Plants have been used for many generations for healing purposes, and screening of extracts of these plants has often yielded positive outcomes. This study was aimed at isolating and characterizing the major active antimicrobial compounds present in the stem bark of C. molle, in a bid to identify potential sources of cheap starting materials for the synthesis of new drugs. Various solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, acetone, ethanol and methanol) were used for extraction. The agar well diffusion technique was used to screen for antimicrobial activity of C. molle extracts against Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 49399, Plesiomonas shigelloides ATCC 51903, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43526 and Helicobacter pylori 252C (clinical isolate); minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of the most active extracts was determined by the broth dilution method. Fractionation of acetone extract was done by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and bioautography to determine the compounds present and their antimicrobial activity respectively. The acetone extract was purified by column chromatography and their MIC determined. The most potent fraction (EA4) was subjected to Gas chromatography- Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for identification of the active compounds. Results were analyzed by the Fisher‟s exact test. All the extracts tested demonstrated antimicrobial activity with zone diameters of inhibition ranging from 0–32 mm. Acetone was the most potent extract with its MIC ranging from 0.078–5.0 mg/mL. Seventeen fractions were collected from column chromatography and the most active fraction against all the organisms was EA 4 (eluted with 100 percent ethyl acetate), with its MIC ranging from 0.078 - 2.5mg/mL. There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in the potency of the xii four extracts (acetone, methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate) and antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) on the different bacterial strains tested, likewise the crude extract and the fractions. No compound was detected by GC-MS whereas numerous peaks were identified by HPLC implying that the active compounds in this plant are non volatile. We could not identify the compounds thereby proposing further studies using Nuclear magnetic resonance to identify the compounds. The study revealed that the acetone extract of C. molle was the most active against all the test organisms and therefore justifies the use of this plant in traditional medicine.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Ethics: PHL 125
- Van der Nest, M, Louw, T J G
- Authors: Van der Nest, M , Louw, T J G
- Date: 2010-11
- Language: English
- Type: Examination paper
- Identifier: vital:18229 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1011221
- Description: Ethics: PHL 125, degree examination November 2010.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2010-11
- Authors: Van der Nest, M , Louw, T J G
- Date: 2010-11
- Language: English
- Type: Examination paper
- Identifier: vital:18229 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1011221
- Description: Ethics: PHL 125, degree examination November 2010.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2010-11
A framework for implementation of ICT4D initiatives in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa
- Authors: Phingilili, Gcotyelwa
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Information and Communication Technologies , ICT4D -- Development -- Rural community , Implementation -- ICT initiatives
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Information Systems)
- Identifier: vital:11146 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1017789 , Information and Communication Technologies , ICT4D -- Development -- Rural community , Implementation -- ICT initiatives
- Description: South Africa’s rural communities have received Information and Communication Technologies services through initiatives such as tele-centres, living labs, Thusong service centres and donations of computer applications. There is need, with little plans in place to ensure that the rural communities will benefit from those initiatives. As a result of this, it is necessary to establish a framework for implementing Information and Communication Technologies for development initiatives in order to ensure successful implementation of these initiatives in rural communities. Literature shows that in order to successfully implement an ICT initiative for rural communities, there should be active engagement with ICT stakeholders, consultation of Information and Communication Technologies policies, presence of ICT infrastructure, ICT services, monitoring, evaluating, training and maintenance. Current literature on ICT developments shows that in order to successfully implement an ICT initiative for rural communities, there should be active engagement with ICT stakeholders, consultation of ICT policies, and presence of ICT infrastructure, ICT services, monitoring, evaluating, training and maintenance. Unstructured interviews were used as a research method to collect primary data that was used as a basis to develop the proposed framework. Findings from the studies carried out indicated that several ICT4D initiatives which were abandoned due to challenges such lack of proper resources, trainings, lack of local content, access, lack of ownership and lack of stakeholders’ involvement. This study presents a framework for implementing ICT for development initiatives in rural communities which has been developed in order to reduce the number of initiatives that are abandoned or which end up not serving their intended purpose in rural communities of South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Phingilili, Gcotyelwa
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Information and Communication Technologies , ICT4D -- Development -- Rural community , Implementation -- ICT initiatives
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Information Systems)
- Identifier: vital:11146 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1017789 , Information and Communication Technologies , ICT4D -- Development -- Rural community , Implementation -- ICT initiatives
- Description: South Africa’s rural communities have received Information and Communication Technologies services through initiatives such as tele-centres, living labs, Thusong service centres and donations of computer applications. There is need, with little plans in place to ensure that the rural communities will benefit from those initiatives. As a result of this, it is necessary to establish a framework for implementing Information and Communication Technologies for development initiatives in order to ensure successful implementation of these initiatives in rural communities. Literature shows that in order to successfully implement an ICT initiative for rural communities, there should be active engagement with ICT stakeholders, consultation of Information and Communication Technologies policies, presence of ICT infrastructure, ICT services, monitoring, evaluating, training and maintenance. Current literature on ICT developments shows that in order to successfully implement an ICT initiative for rural communities, there should be active engagement with ICT stakeholders, consultation of ICT policies, and presence of ICT infrastructure, ICT services, monitoring, evaluating, training and maintenance. Unstructured interviews were used as a research method to collect primary data that was used as a basis to develop the proposed framework. Findings from the studies carried out indicated that several ICT4D initiatives which were abandoned due to challenges such lack of proper resources, trainings, lack of local content, access, lack of ownership and lack of stakeholders’ involvement. This study presents a framework for implementing ICT for development initiatives in rural communities which has been developed in order to reduce the number of initiatives that are abandoned or which end up not serving their intended purpose in rural communities of South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014