Cleaning fouled membranes using sludge enzymes
- Melamane, Xolisa L, Pletschke, Brett I, Leukes, Wintson D, Whiteley, Chris G
- Authors: Melamane, Xolisa L , Pletschke, Brett I , Leukes, Wintson D , Whiteley, Chris G
- Date: 2003
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:6480 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006242
- Description: Maintenance of membrane performance requires inevitable cleaning or "defouling" of fouled membranes. Membrane cleaning using sludge enzymes, was investigated by first characterising ostrich abattoir effluent for potential foulants, such as lipids, proteins and polysaccharides. Static fouling of polysulphone membranes using abattoir effluent was also performed. Biochemical analysis was performed using quantitative and qualitative methods for detection of proteins on fouled and defouled membranes. The ability of sulphidogenic proteases to remove proteins adsorbed on polysulphone membranes and capillary ultrafiltration membranes after static fouling, and ability to restore permeate fluxes and transmembrane pressure after dynamic fouling was also investigated. Permeate volumes were analysed for protein and amino acids concentrations. The abattoir effluent contained 553 μg/ml of lipid, 301 μg/ml of protein, 141 μg/ml of total carbohydrate, and 0.63 μg/ml of total reducing sugars. Static fouled membranes removed 23.4percent of proteins. Defouling of dynamically fouled capillary ultrafiltration membranes using sulphidogenic proteases was successful at pH 10, 37°C, within 1 h. Sulphidogenic protease activity was 2.1 U/ml and Flux Recovery (FR percent) was 64 percent.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Melamane, Xolisa L , Pletschke, Brett I , Leukes, Wintson D , Whiteley, Chris G
- Date: 2003
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:6480 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006242
- Description: Maintenance of membrane performance requires inevitable cleaning or "defouling" of fouled membranes. Membrane cleaning using sludge enzymes, was investigated by first characterising ostrich abattoir effluent for potential foulants, such as lipids, proteins and polysaccharides. Static fouling of polysulphone membranes using abattoir effluent was also performed. Biochemical analysis was performed using quantitative and qualitative methods for detection of proteins on fouled and defouled membranes. The ability of sulphidogenic proteases to remove proteins adsorbed on polysulphone membranes and capillary ultrafiltration membranes after static fouling, and ability to restore permeate fluxes and transmembrane pressure after dynamic fouling was also investigated. Permeate volumes were analysed for protein and amino acids concentrations. The abattoir effluent contained 553 μg/ml of lipid, 301 μg/ml of protein, 141 μg/ml of total carbohydrate, and 0.63 μg/ml of total reducing sugars. Static fouled membranes removed 23.4percent of proteins. Defouling of dynamically fouled capillary ultrafiltration membranes using sulphidogenic proteases was successful at pH 10, 37°C, within 1 h. Sulphidogenic protease activity was 2.1 U/ml and Flux Recovery (FR percent) was 64 percent.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Education, ethics and values : A response to Peter Blaze Corcoran’s keynote address, EEASA 2003
- Authors: Van Harmelen, U
- Date: 2003
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6099 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008663
- Description: This paper is written in response to the Keynote Adress on the Earth Charter presented by Peter Blaze Corcoran at the EEASA 2003 Conference in Namibia. It draws attention to the significance of ethical debates in education and emphasises the need for careful attention to the way in which educators approach values education. In particular the paper considers the Earth Charter critically, and notes that while there is much value in the principles of the Earth Charter for guiding educational practice, educators should also consider some of the dilemmas of simply appropriating univeral ethical frameworks to guide practice.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Van Harmelen, U
- Date: 2003
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6099 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008663
- Description: This paper is written in response to the Keynote Adress on the Earth Charter presented by Peter Blaze Corcoran at the EEASA 2003 Conference in Namibia. It draws attention to the significance of ethical debates in education and emphasises the need for careful attention to the way in which educators approach values education. In particular the paper considers the Earth Charter critically, and notes that while there is much value in the principles of the Earth Charter for guiding educational practice, educators should also consider some of the dilemmas of simply appropriating univeral ethical frameworks to guide practice.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Foam drug delivery in dermatology: beyond the scalp
- Purdon, Carryn H, Haigh, John M, Surber, Christian, Smith, Eric W
- Authors: Purdon, Carryn H , Haigh, John M , Surber, Christian , Smith, Eric W
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Adis International Limited , Drug delivery systems , Skin disorders
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:6418 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006541
- Description: Consumers of topical formulations apply a wide spectrum of preparations, both cosmetic and dermatological, to their healthy or diseased skin. These formulations range in physicochemical nature from solid through semisolid to liquid. Pharmaceutical foams are pressurized dosage forms containing one or more active ingredients that, upon valve actuation, emit a fine dispersion of liquid and/or solid materials in a gaseous medium. Foam formulations are generally easier to apply, are less dense, and spread more easily than other topical dosage forms. Foams may be formulated in various ways to provide emollient or drying functions to the skin, depending on the formulation constituents. Therefore, this delivery technology should be a useful addition to the spectrum of formulations available for topical use; however, as yet, only a few are commercially available. Probably the most convincing argument for the use of foams is ease of use by the patient, and consumer acceptance. Most foam dosage forms used in dermatology to date have incorporated corticosteroids, although some products have also been used to deliver antiseptics, antifungal agents, anti-inflammatory agents, local anesthetic agents, skin emollients, and protectants. Although there is no clinical evidence that foam formulations are currently superior to other conventional delivery vehicles, these formulations have a clear application advantage and with continued developments in the science of supersaturation technology, it seems certain that foam delivery systems will retain their place in the dermatological and cosmetic armamentarium.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Purdon, Carryn H , Haigh, John M , Surber, Christian , Smith, Eric W
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Adis International Limited , Drug delivery systems , Skin disorders
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:6418 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006541
- Description: Consumers of topical formulations apply a wide spectrum of preparations, both cosmetic and dermatological, to their healthy or diseased skin. These formulations range in physicochemical nature from solid through semisolid to liquid. Pharmaceutical foams are pressurized dosage forms containing one or more active ingredients that, upon valve actuation, emit a fine dispersion of liquid and/or solid materials in a gaseous medium. Foam formulations are generally easier to apply, are less dense, and spread more easily than other topical dosage forms. Foams may be formulated in various ways to provide emollient or drying functions to the skin, depending on the formulation constituents. Therefore, this delivery technology should be a useful addition to the spectrum of formulations available for topical use; however, as yet, only a few are commercially available. Probably the most convincing argument for the use of foams is ease of use by the patient, and consumer acceptance. Most foam dosage forms used in dermatology to date have incorporated corticosteroids, although some products have also been used to deliver antiseptics, antifungal agents, anti-inflammatory agents, local anesthetic agents, skin emollients, and protectants. Although there is no clinical evidence that foam formulations are currently superior to other conventional delivery vehicles, these formulations have a clear application advantage and with continued developments in the science of supersaturation technology, it seems certain that foam delivery systems will retain their place in the dermatological and cosmetic armamentarium.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Introduction [to the book "Scatter the Shrilling Bones" by Sithembele Isaac Xhegwana]
- Authors: Wright, Laurence
- Date: 2003
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: vital:7056 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007417
- Description: preprint , Scatter the Shrilling Bones by Sithembele Xhegwana comprises an ordered sequence of poems that conveys a journey both literal and spiritual. Revisitation is the organizing principle of the collection – the return to rural sources and origins by a consciousness estranged and illumined by modernity (cf. ‘The Return’). Underlying the collection is the theme of the night journey, whose archetype in western culture is Odysseus’ descent to the underworld – a pattern identified as such in the concluding essay ‘Starting from my Place: Notes on an Aesthetic’. The underworld here is literally the return to the home territory – a journey from Cape Town to the rural Eastern Cape – but also a revisiting of the mental world of traditional Africa: ‘Here at home, here all guilt begins’ (‘Homecoming’). The return journey is haunted by nightmare memories of mental illness, the schizophrenic episodes accompanying (or occasioned by?) the poet’s initial encounters with modernity. This illness is represented as both pathological and cultural – a price paid for challenging and rejecting the old certainties while grappling with new assumptions: “He undermines the ancestors, That’s why he suffers. Let him.” (‘To Himself’)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Wright, Laurence
- Date: 2003
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: vital:7056 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007417
- Description: preprint , Scatter the Shrilling Bones by Sithembele Xhegwana comprises an ordered sequence of poems that conveys a journey both literal and spiritual. Revisitation is the organizing principle of the collection – the return to rural sources and origins by a consciousness estranged and illumined by modernity (cf. ‘The Return’). Underlying the collection is the theme of the night journey, whose archetype in western culture is Odysseus’ descent to the underworld – a pattern identified as such in the concluding essay ‘Starting from my Place: Notes on an Aesthetic’. The underworld here is literally the return to the home territory – a journey from Cape Town to the rural Eastern Cape – but also a revisiting of the mental world of traditional Africa: ‘Here at home, here all guilt begins’ (‘Homecoming’). The return journey is haunted by nightmare memories of mental illness, the schizophrenic episodes accompanying (or occasioned by?) the poet’s initial encounters with modernity. This illness is represented as both pathological and cultural – a price paid for challenging and rejecting the old certainties while grappling with new assumptions: “He undermines the ancestors, That’s why he suffers. Let him.” (‘To Himself’)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Pharmaceutical Pictograms: part 2: weird and wonderful interpretations
- Dowse, Roslind, Ehlers, Martina S
- Authors: Dowse, Roslind , Ehlers, Martina S
- Date: 2003
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/157037 , vital:40081
- Description: To assess the influence of formal education on the interpretation of pharmaceutical pictograms.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Dowse, Roslind , Ehlers, Martina S
- Date: 2003
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/157037 , vital:40081
- Description: To assess the influence of formal education on the interpretation of pharmaceutical pictograms.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
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