https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1959 Wed 12 May 2021 22:22:21 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20059 Wed 12 May 2021 20:00:03 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29491 Wed 12 May 2021 19:47:34 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2639 Wed 12 May 2021 18:56:48 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3773 Wed 12 May 2021 17:13:34 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39110 Wed 12 May 2021 16:22:53 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1406 Wed 12 May 2021 16:13:20 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41133 Wed 12 May 2021 13:54:12 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1585 Thu 13 May 2021 16:35:26 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3879 Thu 13 May 2021 16:00:27 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20783 Thu 13 May 2021 15:46:26 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3884 Thu 13 May 2021 08:52:00 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1589 Thu 13 May 2021 08:10:06 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1018 Thu 13 May 2021 08:03:44 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19969 Thu 13 May 2021 06:44:11 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5477 Thu 13 May 2021 05:19:34 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:890 Thu 13 May 2021 05:12:23 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:6033 Thu 13 May 2021 05:00:58 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:33423 Thu 13 May 2021 04:20:57 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4015 chitin> glucan > intact cell walls exists. However, these components differ in their affinities for metal ions. Storage of metal ions within the cell occurs predominantly in the vacuole. The present study concluded that metal accumulation by the vacuole could be related to size. Metal accumulation occurred in the order of Cu2+ > Co2+ > Cd2+ with a corresponding decrease in atomic radii of Cd2+ > C02+ > Cu2+. Vacuolar ion deposition occurs at an early stage during the internalization of metal ions within the yeast cells. At the onset of vacuolar saturation, depositions of metal ions as granules within the cytosol occurs. In the presence of heavy metal cations viable yeast cells can be shown to exhibit two types of cellular responses. Uptake of Cu2+ and Cd2+ causes the loss of intracellular physiological cations from within the yeast cell. In comparison, uptake of Co2+ into the cell does not have this effect. All three heavy metal cations initiate plasma cell membrane permeability, thus the Cu2+ and Cd2+ induced loss of the intracellular cations, occurs. ~ a result of ion-exchange mechanisms and not due to cation leakage brought about by membrane permeabilization. Uptake of heavy metals by viable yeasts appears to be generally non-selective though the amount of metals accumulated are largely affected by the ratio of ambient metal concentration to biomass quantity. In addition, the energy dependent nature of internalization necessitates the availability of an external energy source for metal uptake by viable yeast cells. For these reasons metal removal from industrial waste water was investigated using non-viable biomass. By immobilizing the yeast cells additional mechanical integrity and stability was conferred apon the biomass. The three types of biomass preparations developed in this study, viz. polyvinyl alcohol (PV A) Na-alginate, PV A Na-orthophosphate and alkali treated polyethylenimine (PEI):glutaraldehyde (GA) biomass pellets, all fulfilled the necessary physical requirements. However, the superior metal accumulating properties of the PEI:GA biomass determined its selection as a biosorbent for bioremediation purposes. Biosorption of heavy metals by PEI:GA biomass is of a competitive nature, with the amount of metal accumulated influenced by the availability of the metal ions. This availability is largely determined by the solution pH. At low pH values the affinity of the biomass for metals decreases, whilst enhanced metal biosorption occurs at higher pHs, ego pH 4.5 - 6.0. PEI:GA biomass pellets can be implemented -as a biosorbent for the bi9remediaiton of high concentration, low-volume metal containing industrial waste. Several options regarding the bioremediation system are available. Depending on the concentration of the metals in the effluent, the bioremediation process can either be used independently or as part of a biphasic remediation system for the treatment of waste water. Initial phase chemical modification may be required, whilst two types of biological systems can be implemented as 'part of the second phase. The PEI:GA biomass can either be contained within continuous-flow fixed bed tanks or continuous-flow stirred bioreactor tanks. Due to the simplicity of the process and the ease with which scale-up is facilitated, the second type of system shows greater application potential for the treatment of this type of industrial waste water than the fixed-bed systems.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 02:58:09 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1912 Thu 13 May 2021 02:43:46 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20529 Thu 13 May 2021 02:37:55 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5717 Thu 13 May 2021 02:36:06 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38960 Thu 13 May 2021 02:28:08 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4112 Thu 13 May 2021 01:56:11 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5396 Thu 13 May 2021 01:11:32 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1723 Thu 13 May 2021 00:29:11 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:32795 Thu 13 May 2021 00:27:37 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11446 Thu 13 May 2021 00:20:39 SAST ]]>