https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index en-us 5 https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35245 Wed 23 Jun 2021 09:36:41 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:36550 Wed 13 Mar 2024 11:36:47 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:36722 lead>arsenic for both study sites. In Walmer Township soil samples, the mean concentrations of heavy metals determined were 154.8 mg/kg, 84.4 mg/kg and 5.4 mg/kg for manganese, lead, and arsenic, respectively. Mean concentrations of heavy metals as determined in Wells Estate were 322.2 mg/kg, 11.5 mg/kg, and 3.4 mg/kg for manganese, lead and arsenic, respectively. Manganese concentration across the study sites are below the guideline levels for USA (630 mg/kg) and South African (1500 mg/kg). About 2.0% of the sample exceeded the South African lead guideline level of 230 mg/kg, while 4.1% exceeded European lead level of 400 mg/kg in Walmer Township. Lead levels in Wells Estate were all below the South African, European and United States guideline levels. By contrast, 2.0% of the sample exceeded the South African arsenic guideline level of 48 mg/kg, 2.0% exceeded European arsenic guideline level of 50 mg/kg and 2.0% exceeded USA arsenic guideline level of 11 mg/kg in Walmer Township, while 2.0% exceeded USA arsenic guideline level of 11 mg/kg in Wells Estate. Mann Whitney U test showed statistically significant differences between lead levels (U=1527, p < 0.001) and manganese levels (U=2632, p < 0.001) across study sites. Soil manganese level showed significant association with age of house (crude OR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.14-0.83, p =0.016). Using data obtained from the questionnaire, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between soil heavy metals and the various health outcomes. In Walmer Township, manganese showed association with dry cough (OR: 11.35, 95% CI: 1.08-119.20) and sneezing (OR: 11.30, 95% CI: 1.09-116.67). Manganese was also associated with wet cough (OR: 0.19 95% CI: 0.05-0.70), dry cough (OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.06-0.83) and watery eye (OR: 4.55, 95% CI: 1.01-20.58) in Wells Estate. Dry cough (OR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.16-0.64), sneezing (OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.06-4.48) and watery eye adjusted (OR: 3.71, 95% CI: 1.63-8.48) were also associated with manganese in the total sample. Confounding factors such as overcrowding (adjusted OR = 2.23; 95% CI: 1.11-4.48) and air pollution (adjusted OR = 2.76; 95% CI:1.39-5.50), predicted wet cough and sneezing, respectively, across the total sample. Heavy metal concentration in most of the study dwellings of Walmer Township and Wells Estate were below the safe limit recommended by United States, European and South Africa soil reference levels. Nevertheless, we found a strong association between manganese and respiratory symptoms such as dry cough and sneezing in Walmer Township, as well as a strong association between manganese and watery eyes in Wells Estate. There was no evidence of associations between heavy metal exposure and gastrointestinal symptoms, chronic diseases and mental illness.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 19:41:27 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37035 Wed 12 May 2021 18:58:05 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:36146 Wed 12 May 2021 18:31:26 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:36546 Wed 12 May 2021 17:33:01 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:36704 Wed 12 May 2021 16:42:49 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:36180 Thu 13 May 2021 04:40:29 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35622 Thu 13 May 2021 03:21:27 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35500 Thu 13 May 2021 01:53:53 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38187 Thu 13 May 2021 01:23:04 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:36670 Thu 13 May 2021 00:48:57 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:36223 Thu 13 May 2021 00:26:59 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:36643 Thu 13 May 2021 00:04:07 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37113 Mon 22 Aug 2022 15:05:57 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35496 Fri 15 Mar 2024 11:56:52 SAST ]]>